Download - Community Interactions
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Community Interactions
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Community
• All the populations that live together in a habitat
• Habitat is the type of place where individuals of a species typically live
• Type of habitat shapes a community’s structure
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Factors Shaping Community Structure
• Climate and topography
• Available foods and resources
• Adaptations of species in community
• Species interactions
• Arrival and disappearance of species
• Physical disturbances
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Niche
Sum of activities and relationships in which a
species engages to secure and use resources
necessary for survival and reproduction
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Species Interactions
• Most interactions are neutral; have no effect
on either species
• Commensalism helps one species and has no
effect on the other
• Mutualism helps both species
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Species Interactions
• Interspecific competition has a negative effect
on both species
• Predation and parasitism both benefit one
species at a cost to another
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Symbiosis
• Living together for at least some part of the
life cycle
• Commensalism, mutualism, and parasitism are
forms of symbiosis
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Mutualism
• Both species benefit
• Many examples in nature
• Some mutualisms are obligatory;
partners depend upon each other
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Yucca and Yucca Moth
• Example of an obligatory mutualism
• Each species of yucca is pollinated only by one
species of moth
• Moth larvae can grow only in that one species
of yucca
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Mycorrhizae
• Obligatory mutualism between fungus and
plant root
• Fungus supplies mineral ions to root
• Root supplies sugars to fungus
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Improved water and mineral uptake in mycorrhizal plants.
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Commensalism
• One species benefits other is not
harmed
• Many examples in nature
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Predation
• Predators are animals that feed on other
living organisms
• Predators are free-living; they do not
take up residence on their prey
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Prey Defenses
• Camouflage
• Warning coloration
• Mimicry
• Moment-of-truth defenses
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Predator Responses
• Any adaptation that protects prey may select
for predators that can overcome that
adaptation
• Prey adaptations include stealth, camouflage,
and ways to avoid chemical repellents
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Parasitism
• Parasites drain nutrients from their
hosts and live on or in their bodies
• Natural selection favors parasites that
do not kill their host too quickly
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Types of Parasites
• Microparasites
• Macroparasites
• Social parasites
• Parasitoids
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Hog Sphinx Moth caterpillar, seen here on Smartweed, has been parasitized
by Cotesia congregata, a braconid that lays its eggs in the caterpillar
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Cobweb Spider (plus Ichneumonid wasp parasite)
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Balanophora fungosa produces no chlorophyll so it is unable to manufacture
its own food from sunlight so it lives parasitically on the roots of certain plants.
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Immature Spined Assassin bug with what looks like
tachinid egg parasites.
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Hyalophora cecropia caterpillar
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Immature Spined Assassin bug with what looks like
tachinid egg parasites.