Company Confidential
1
A Course on English Literature
Prepared for: *Stars*
New Horizons Certified Professional Course
Parts of Speech
1. The Noun2. The Pronoun3. The Adjective4. The Verb5. The Adverb6. The Preposition7. The Conjunction8. The Interjection
The Noun(Naming Word)
A Noun is a word which is used as the name of a person, a place, a thing, an action, quality or state.
Exmp: Nupur is beautiful.
The Pronoun(Substituting Word)
The Pronoun is a word which is used in place of a noun.
Exmp: Mukul did not come as he was not well.
Types of Pronoun
There are eight types of pronoun but the main three are here:
1.Personal PronounsI, we, you, they, she or any thing.
2.Interrogative PronounWho, whose, whom, which, what
3.Relative PronounThat pronoun which joints the two sentences.Ex: I met Meenakshii, who returned my book.He broke my pencil, which I bought yesterday.
The Adjective(Qualifying Word)
An adjective is a word which adds something to the meaning of a Noun or Pronoun.
It tells what kind of person, place, or thing. A noun or a pronoun is.
• It may also point out which one or how many.
Types of Adjective
There are eight types of adjectives but the main four are here:
1) Adjective of qualityThis shows noun’s quality, inferiority, fault, colour, structure etc..A blue lily, a fast friend, a cleaver girl
2) Proper AdjectiveThose adjective which make by proper noun called proper adjectives.The Mauryan Empire; A Chinese pilgrim; The Indian soldiers; the Buddhist religion.
EXAMPLES:
• That bear is black.
• The ship was an English vessel. (what kind)
• This factory is mine. (which one)
• Many people enjoy the annual dinner. (how many, which one)
3) Adjective of QuantityThe adjective which shows quantity of goodSome sugar; much weight; more food; enough water; sufficient labour; no sense.
4) Adjective of number
The word which shows goods numberTen temples; for cow; fourth row; single desk etc..
Types of Adjective
The Adverb(Modifying Word)
An Adverb is a word that modifies every part of speech except a Noun, pronoun and interjection.
Example: Maansii is very sincere.
Types of Adverb
There are three type of adverbs:
1)Simple Adverb
2)Relative Adverb
3)Interrogative Adverb
Simple Adverb
• Simple adverb shows: Time, place, number or frequency, manner, reason, degree and affirmation or negation.
It own has 7 types. 5 important adverbs are here:
1) Adverbs of manner which show how. (Example 1)Remember: all the adverbs which makes by adjectives and have –ly in the end are ADVERBS OF MANNER.
2)Adverbs of time, which show when. (Example 2)After, agr, early, late, now, then, soon, today, recently, shortly, immediately, afterwards etc.
3)Adverbs of place which show where. (Example 3)Here, there, in, out, up, down, which, without, above,
below, inside, near, away anywhere, backward etc.
4) Adverbs of Frequency or number which show how often. (Example 4)Once, twice, thrice, always, never, seldom, often, frequently, secondly, thirdly, again.
5) Adverbs of Degree which show how much. (Example 5)Very, much, more, too, quite, little, rather, partly, fully, wholly, so, any, enough, pretty, as, almost.
Simple Adverb
Cont.
AdverbCont.
• Relative AdverbRelative adverbs joints two sentences.
– This is the place where Gandhiji was shot dead.– He knows the way how a car is driven.– This is the reason why she was late.
• Interrogative Adverbs– Why are you so sad?– How are you feeling these days?
They are usually placed at the beginning of a question.
AdverbCont.
The Verb(Saying Word)
A Verb is a word used to say something about some person, place or thing.
Example: Sugar tastes sweet.
The Preposition(Governing Word)
A Preposition is a word which is used before a Noun or Pronoun to show its relation to some other word in the sentence.
Example : I hit the dog with
the stick.
Types of Preposition
There are three types of Prepositions
1) Simple PrepositionsIn, on, at, to, from, with, by etc...
2) Compound prepositionsAbout, across, among, between, beside, before etc..
3) Phrase prepositionsAccording to, in spite of, on account of, in front of, in order
to, for the sake of, by means of, with reference to, in addition to, due to etc..
The Conjunction(Connecting Word)
A Conjunction is a word which is used to join two words, clauses or sentences.
Example: Raman is tall and handsome.
Type Of Conjunctions
There are Two types of conjuction
1) Co-ordinating conjunction
2) Subordinating conjunction
Co-ordinating conjunction
(i) Cumulative conjunctionsand, also, both…and, as well as, now, too, no less than.
(ii) Alternative Conjunctionseither………or, neither………nor, else, or, otherwise
(iii) Adversative conjunctionsbut, yet, still, only, however, nevertheless, while, whereas
(iv) Illative conjunctions(in this one sentence is the result of the second sentence)for, therefore, so, then, so then
Subordinating conjunction
This conjunction is subordinates the principle clause. (besides this whole sentence doesn’t have any meaning) This shows:
– Time– Place– Cause– Purpose– Result– Condition– Manner– Comparison– Contrast
Using a Comma
• Before every joining word, a comma (,) must be used
Example: “I like soup, and I like sandwiches.”
• You also must check that a and/or can be used by taking out the , and/, or and replacing it with a period.
The Interjection(Exclamatory Word)
An Interjection is a word which expresses some
sudden feelings or emotions.
Example: Hurrah! I have stood first.
MODALS
Modal Verbs
All the auxiliary verbs that express the mode of action denoted by the main verbs are called modals.
Characteristics of Modals
1. This shows action, ability, power, permission, request, possibility, willingness.
2. This always use with the main verb. It can not use alone.
3. It doesn't effected by number of subject, gender and person.
4. It doest have any forms
5. It is not used in tenses
Main Modals
• Can
• Could
• May
• Might
• Must
• Ought to
• Shall
• Should
• Will
• Would
Present & past combinationsBase form of
modalCombined with present tense
Combined with past tense
Can Can Could
Will Will Would
May May Might
Shall Shall Should
Must Must Had to
Can
They can control
their own budgets.
We can’t fix it.
Can I smoke here?
Can you help me?
Ability / Possibility
Inability / Impossibility
Asking for permission
Request
CAN is used to indicate the possession of an ABILITY.
Different ways to express ability
• Can • Be able to• Be capable of (ING)• Have the ability to• Know how to
May
May I have another cup of coffee?
Asking for permission
CAN / MAY are also used to give PERMISSION.
May
China may become a
major economic power. Future possibility
CAN / MAY are used to indicate a present or future POSSIBILITY
Could
Could I borrow your dictionary?
Could you say it again more slowly?
We could try to fix it ourselves.
I think we could have another Gulf War.
He gave up his old job so he could work for us.
Asking for permission.
Request
Suggestion
Future possibility
Ability in the past
Might Possible Action In The Future
• We'd better phone tomorrow, they might be eating their dinner now.
• They might give us a 10% discount.
Present possibility
Future possibility
Must
• We must say good-bye now.
• They mustn’t disrupt the work more than necessary.
Necessity /
Obligation
Prohibition
MUST is often used to indicate OBLIGATION.
Ought to To give someone advice
• We ought to employ a professional writer.
Saying what’s
right or correct
Shall
• Shall I help you with your luggage?
• Shall we say 2.30 then?
• Shall I do that or will you?
Offer
Suggestion
Asking what to do
Should
• We should sort out this problem at once.
Saying what’s right or
correct
SHOULD is often used to indicate what is regarded as PROBABLE or reasonably EXPECTED
Should
• I think we should check everything again.
• Profits should increase next year.
Recommending
action
Uncertain
prediction
Will
• I can’t see any taxis so I’ll walk.
• I'll do that for you if you like.
• I’ll get back to you first thing on Monday.
• Profits will increase next year.
Instant decisions
Offer
Promise
Certain prediction
Would
• Would you mind if I brought a colleague with me?
• Would you pass the salt please?
• "Would three o'clock suit you?" - "That’d be fine."
• Would you like to play golf this Friday?
• "Would you prefer tea or coffee?" - "I’d like tea please."
Asking for permission
Request
Making arrangements
Invitation
Preferences
Other use of “Would”
If ‘HAVE’ is added to ‘would’ it becomes ‘would have’ The meaning of ‘would have’ is past imaginary action.
‘WOULD BE’ is used in FUTURE for WORK TO BE DONE. If ‘be’ is added to ‘would’, It becomes ‘would be’i.e. action to be done in future.
Used to
it is use to express an action that repeated regularly in the past.
When I was a child, my father used to read me a story at night before bedtime.
I used to live in California.
He used to be married.
Be supposed to
• The game is supposed to begin at 10:00.• I am supposed to go to the meeting.• The children are supposed to behave.*These sentences express expectations.
• Jack was supposed to call me last
night. I wonder why he didn’t.
*In the past it expresses unfulfilled expectations.
ASSIGNMENTS
• These sentences are wrong. Correct the mistakes.
• He can playing tennis very well.• We must to hurry or we’ll be late.• At the meeting tomorrow he may mentioned the
problem.• He’s been here for hours. He must been tired.• She should knows the answer.
PREPOSITION
ACROSS
BETWEEN
OVER
OUT
INTO FROM
AMONG
THROUGHUNTIL
DURING
A preposition is a connecting word that shows the
relation of a noun or a pronoun to some other word in a
sentence. Avoid ending a sentence with a preposition
unless necessary to prevent an awkward sentence
construction. However, avoid stacking prepositional
phrases on top of one another.
•Location (on, under, in)
•Timing (before, after, during)
•Direction (from, toward, to)
Prepositions
aboard along behindbut
(except)
from off past until
about amid below by in on since up
above among beneath down inside onto through upon
across around beside during into out to with
after at between except near outside toward within
against before beyond for of over under without
Here is a list of the most common prepositions:
Use of INPrepositions of Place
• In(For an enclosed space)In before:
- A country- A state- A province- A city- A room number- The neighborhood- In the house, in the
kitchen, in the living room.
Example: Paarul is in Kitchen.
• In- Months- Years- Centuries- Long periods- Seasons- In a minute; in a few
days; in two weeks- Decade- Age
Example:
Baby is born in the month of
December.
Use of INPrepositions of Time
Use of ON
• On(For a surface)
Before:- A street- A road- On the before a floor- On the table- On the wall
• On- Special days- Days of the week- Dates
Example: On Christmas
• At(For a point)Before:- A building number- The store- At work- At home- At school- At the forum- At the theater- At the back of the class
• At- A Precise time- The weekend- Night- Noon- Festive periods- Midnight
Use of AT
• To– Going from one place to
another place.– Comparison– Before indirect object
Use of TO
Prepositions Example
The mouse is on the table.
Two things: mouse + table
Relationship: one is on the other
The mouse is under the table.
Two things: mouse + table
Relationship: one is under the other
The pizza in the oven is mine.
The girl by the door is my sister.
The runners raced around the track.
Prepositions Example
The cookies are in the oven.
I sat with my mom.
I chose a book from the library.
Prepositions Example
Now it is your turn!Write a sentence to describe where the girls are
standing.Remember to use a prepositional phrase!
THE END!!!THE END!!!
GREAT JOB!!!GREAT JOB!!!