Download - Comparative Emergency Management
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Session 23 1
Comparative Emergency Management
Session 23 Slide Deck
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Session 23 2
Session Objective
1. Explain the Most Common Categories of Recovery Assistance Provided in the Aftermath of Major Disasters
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Session 23 3
Shelter and HousingDifferences in damage and destruction due to:• Construction materials• Construction type and adherence to safety codes• Structure age and maintenance• Soil makeup• Physical and geographic location• Elevation• Proximity to the hazard source• Geological processes (e.g., liquifaction)
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Session 23 4
Shelter and Housing
Three Categories of Damage:– Damaged, but requiring only simple repairs– Damaged, but requiring major repairs– Damaged beyond repair or destroyed
Housing ‘Triage’
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Session 23 5
Shelter and Housing
Interim Shelter Options– Congregate shelters– Travel trailers / Manufactured homes– Rental Markets– Hotels– Tents
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Session 23 6
Shelter and Housing
• Congregate Shelter Problems– Displacement– Loss of the structure’s ‘normal use’ (e.g.,
school used as a shelter)– Environmental impacts of dense unplanned
settlement– Permanence of ‘slums’– Example – Italy / Turkey
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Session 23 7
Shelter and Housing
Planning Considerations– Site Selection– Wraparound Services– Building Materials and Design Selection– Owner-Driven vs. Outside Construction– Property Rights and Other Legal Matters
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Session 23 8
Site Selection
• Rebuilding on the Same Site– Community integrity maintained– Livelihoods maintained– Motivation to recover– Infrastructure exists
• Relocate– No need to remove rubble before rebuilding– Proximity to hazard can be increased
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Session 23 9
Wraparound Services• “Those facets of society that allow an individual,
and likewise, the society as a whole, to survive and to function effectively”
• Examples– Food and commodity markets– Educational facilities– Healthcare facilities– Transportation systems and access– Utilities– Employment– Religious and social communities
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Session 23 10
Building Materials / Design• What kinds of structures built• What materials used• Decisions must be more than cost-based• Styles and materials must:
– Be culturally acceptable– Accommodate new risk information
• Sources of materials:– Debris (recycled)– Local– Outside
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Session 23 11
Owner-Driven vs. Outside Construction
• Five primary options:– Owner Driven Construction– Government Driven Construction– Donor Driven Construction– Contractor Driven Construction– A combination of the above players
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Session 23 12
Property Rights and Other Legal Matters
• Property ownership– Access to title/deed– Destruction of government records– Can be established through community memory– Informal settlements present problems
• Holistic recovery planning is possible through legal control of recovery– Moratorium– Easing of laws or policies
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Session 23 13
Infrastructure
“the basic facilities and services needed for the functioning of a community or society, such as transportation and communications systems and water and power lines”
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Session 23 14
Infrastructure Components• Transportation• Energy• Communication• Health• Government• Flood control• Education• Water (treatment, delivery, and waste)• Commerce and banking
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Session 23 15
Infrastructure Improvement
• Modernization• Expansion• Increase efficiency• Reduction in risk
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Session 23 16
Infrastructure Issues for Consideration
• Component prioritization and rate of recovery
• Ownership• Sources of infrastructure reconstruction
expertise• Reconstruction labor and materials• Access to infrastructure• Hazard risk reduction
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Session 23 17
Physical Recovery
• Illnesses and injuries• Physical trauma to victims• Health infrastructure sees increased demand• Coincides with reduced capacity / deficit of
technical skills and expertise• Shortage of equipment, supplies,
prosthetics, medicineand equipment
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Session 23 18
Illness and Disease
• Pre-existing diseases become poorly maintained, because of:– Vectors– Reduced physical resilience– Increased transmission– Vaccination gaps
• Epidemiological surveillance is required
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Session 23 19
Most Vulnerable Groups (Health)• Children and adolescents• The elderly• Pregnant women or mothers of infants• Single parent households• People with pre-existing diseases
– HIV/AIDS– Kidney disease– Cancer
• People with disabilities• Displaced people• Poor people
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Session 23 20
Nutrition
• Reasons for a poor diet:– Financial problems– Severed supply chains– Psychological trauma– Lack of time
• Diet linked to disease
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Session 23 21
Psychosocial Care• Trauma experienced by:
– Adults / Parents– Children– Responders
• As a result of:– Experiencing fear of injury/death– Hopelessness– Loss– Lack of control– Victimization of secondary intentional hazard – Witnessing pain or death– Displacement– Cultural losses– Loss of routine– Unemployment
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Session 23 22
Psychosocial Options
• Mental health counseling• Strengthening and support of traditional and social
networks • Resumption of religious services and the repair or
reconstruction of religious facilities and institutions
• Resumption of normal routines • Reunification of families • Remembrance (museums, memorials)
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Session 23 23
Cultural Recovery
• Disasters can devastate/destroy culture– Historic buildings– Art– Clothing– Landmarks
• Loss of culture is a loss of identity
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Session 23 24
Economic Recovery / Livelihoods
• Lost resources, production, jobs, business opportunities, heavy government expenditures
• Economic recovery tied to the resumption of jobs – Local businesses must be quickly returned– Injected cash can help the local economy– Opportunity for increase in capacity post-disaster– Pre-existing problems may be addressed
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Session 23 25
Environment
• Two factors:– Damage as a direct result of the hazard– Damage as a result of the destruction of man-
made technologies and systems • Debris• Environmental protections (e.g.,
mangroves, wetlands)• Pollution