Download - Complete Project Reportd
-
8/16/2019 Complete Project Reportd
1/79
55
ABSTRACT
Pervious concrete is a special type of concrete with high
porosity used for concrete at work applications that allow
water from precipitation and other sources to pass directl
through, thereby reducing the ru noff from a site and allowing
ground water r echarge. This porosity is attained by a highlyinterconnected void content. Typically pervious concrete has
little or n o ne aggregate and has j ust enough cementing paste
to coat t he coarse aggregate particles while preserving the
interconnectivity o f the voids.
Pervious concrete is traditionally used in Parking areas,
areas with high traffic, walk ways in parks and gardens,
Residential streets, Pedestrian walkways and Green houses,
Basket ball and volley ball courts et c.
Pervious concrete is an important application for thesustainable construction and is one of many low impact
development techniques used by builders to protect water
quality.
-
8/16/2019 Complete Project Reportd
2/79
55
CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION 03
2. MATERIALS USED 07
3. LITERATURE REVIEW 23
4. OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT 30
5. PROPERTIES 31
6. DESIGN CRITERIA 34
7. SPECIFIC DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS AND LIMITATIONS 37
. CONSTRUCTION 3!
!. MAINTENANCE 47
10. COST 50
11. E"PERIMENTAL VALUES 51
12. CONCLUSIONS AND RESULTS 54
-
8/16/2019 Complete Project Reportd
3/79
55
13. PERVIOUS CONCRETE IN INDIA 56
14. REFERENCES 57
1. INTRODUCTION
Pervious concrete which is also known as the no-nes,
porous, gap-graded, and permeable concrete and enhance
porosity concrete has been found to be a reliable storm water
management tool . B y denition, pervious concrete is a
mixture of gravel or granite stone, cement, water, little to no
sand (ne aggregate) with or without admixtures. When
pervious concrete is used for p aving (Figure 1), the open cell
structures allow storm water to lter through the pavement
and into the underlying soils. In other words, pervious
concrete helps in protecting the surface of the pavement and
its en vironment.
As stated above, pervious concrete has the same basicconstituents a s co nventional concrete t hat is, 15% -30% of its
volume consists of interconnected void network, which allows
water to pass through the concrete. Pervious concrete can
allow the passage o f 3-5 gallons (0.014 - 0.023m3) of water per
minute through its op en cells for each square foot (0.0929m2)
-
8/16/2019 Complete Project Reportd
4/79
55
of surface area which is far greater than most rain
occurrences. Apart from being used to eliminate or r educe the
need for expensive retention ponds, developers and otherprivate companies are a lso using it to free up valuable real
estate for d evelopment, while st ill providing a paved park.
Pervious concrete is also a unique and effective means to
address important environmental issues and sustainable
growth. When it rains, pervious co ncrete a utomatically acts a s
a drainage system, thereby putting water back where it
belongs. Pervious concrete is rough textured, and has a
honeycombed surface, with moderate amount of surface
raveling which occurs o n heavily travelled roadways . Carefully
controlled amount of water an d cementitious materials are
used to create a paste . The paste then forms a thick coating
around aggregate particles, to prevent the owing off of the
paste during mixing and placing. Using enough paste to coat
the particles m aintain a system of interconnected voids which
allow water and air to pass through. The lack of sand in
pervious concrete results in a very harsh mix that negatively
affects mixing, delivery and placement. Also, due to the high
void content, pervious concrete is light
to1900kg/m3). Pervious concrete void structure provides
-
8/16/2019 Complete Project Reportd
5/79
55
pollutant captures which also add signicant structural
strength as well. It also results in a very high permeable
concrete t hat drains q uickly.
Pervious con crete ca n be u sed in a wide range of applications,
although its primary use is in pavements which are in:
residential roads, alleys a nd driveways, low volume p avements,
low water crossings, sidewalks and pathways, parking areas,
tennis courts, sl ope stabilisation, su b-base for conventional
concrete pavements etc.
Pervious concrete system has advantages over impervious
concrete in that it is effective in managing run-off from paved
surfaces, prevent contamination in run-off water, and recharge
aquifer, rep elling salt water intrusion, co ntrol p ollution in
water seepage to ground water recharge thus, preventing
subterranean storm water sewer drains, absorbs less heat
than regular concrete and asphalt, reduces t he need for air
conditioning. Pervious concrete allows for increased site
optimization because i n most cases, its use s hould totally limit
the need for detention and retention ponds, swales a nd othermore traditional storm water management devices that are
otherwise required for compliances with the Federal storm
water regulations on commercial sites of one acre or
using pervious concrete, the ambient air temperature will be
reduced, requiring less p ower t o cool the building. In addition,
-
8/16/2019 Complete Project Reportd
6/79
55
costly storm water structures su ch as p iping, inlets a nd ponds
will be eliminated. Construction scheduling will also be
improved as the stone recharge bed will be installed at t he beginning of construction, enhancing erosion control
measures and preventing rain delays due to harsh site
conditions. Apparently, when compared to conventional
concrete, pervious concrete has a lower com pressive strength,
greater p ermeability, and a lower u nit weight (approximately
70% of conventional con crete). Nevertheless, it h as its own
limitations which must be put in effective consideration when
planning its use. Structurally when higher permeability and
low strength are required the effect of variation in aggregate
size on strength and permeability for the same aggregate
cement ratio n eed to be investigated.
-
8/16/2019 Complete Project Reportd
7/79
55
Figure 1:
Polish surface of a pervious con crete pavement
-
8/16/2019 Complete Project Reportd
8/79
55
Figure 2:
-
8/16/2019 Complete Project Reportd
9/79
55
2.MATERIALS USED
2.1 Constituents of concrete
If a concrete is to be suitable for a particular p urpose, it is
necessary to select the constituent m aterials and combine
them in such a manner as to develop the special qualitiesrequired as ec onomical as p ossible. The sel ection of materials
and choice of method of construction is n ot easy, since many
variables affect the quality of the concre
quality and economy must be considered.
The characteristics of concrete should be eval
to the required quality for an y given construction purpose. The
closest p racticable approach to perfection in every property of
the concrete would result in poor economy under many
conditions, and the most desirable structure is that in which
the concrete has been designed with the correct emphasis on
each of the various properties of the concrete, and not solely
with a view to obtaining of maximum possible strength.
-
8/16/2019 Complete Project Reportd
10/79
55
2.1.1 Cement
Cement is a key to infrastructure industry and is used for
various purposes and also made in many compositions for a
wide variety of uses. Cements may be named after theprincipal constituents, after t he intended purpose, after t he
object t o which they are applied or after their characteristic
property.
Cement used in construction are sometimes named after their
commonly reported place of origin, such as Roman cement, or
for their resemblance to other materials, such as Portland
cement, which produces a concrete resembling the Portland
stone u sed for b uilding in Britain. The term cement is d erived
from the Latin word Caementum, which is meant
stonechippings such as u sed in Roman mortar not-the bindingmaterial itself. Cement, in the general sense of the word,
described as a material with adhesive an d cohesive properties,
which make it capable of bonding mineral fragments in to a
compact whole. The rst step of reintroduction of cement after
decline of the Roman Empire was in about 1790, when an
-
8/16/2019 Complete Project Reportd
11/79
55
Englishman, J. Smeaton, found that when lime containing a
certain amount of clay was burnt, it would set under water.
This cement resembled that which had been made by theRomans. Further investigations by J. Parker in the same
decade led to the com mercial production of natural hydraulic
cement
-
8/16/2019 Complete Project Reportd
12/79
55
Chemical compounds of Portland cement
The raw material used in the manufactures of Portland cementcomprises four principal compounds. These compounds are
usually regarded as the major constituents of cement and
tabulated with their abbreviated symbols
Table 2.1
Typical composition of ordinary Portland cement
Name of compound Oxide Abbreviation
Composition
Tricalcium Silicate 3CaO.SiO2 C3S
Dicalcium Silicate 2CaO.SiO2 C2S
Tricalcium aluminate3CaO.Al2 O3 C3A
Tetracalcium
4CaO.Al2O3.F
e2O
Aluminoferrite 3 C4AF
-
8/16/2019 Complete Project Reportd
13/79
55
-
8/16/2019 Complete Project Reportd
14/79
55
These compounds interact with one another in the kiln
a series of more complex products. Portland cement is vari ed
in type by changing the relative proportions of its four
predominant chemical compounds and by the degree of
neness of the clinker grinding. A small variation in the
composition or p roportion of its raw materials leads t o a large
variation in compound composition Calculation of the
potential composition of Portland cement is gen erally based onthe Bogue composition (R.H Bogue). In addition to the main
compounds, there exist minor compounds such as
MgO, TiO2, K2O and Na2O; they usually amount to not morethan a few percent of the m ass of the cem ent.
Two of the minor compounds are of particular interestoxides of sodium and potassium, K2O and Na2O,known as the
alkalis.
They have been found to react with some aggregates, the
products o f the r eaction causing disintegration of the co ncrete
and have a lso o bserved to affect the r ate of gain of strength of
cement .Present knowledge of cement chemistry indicates t hat
the major cement compounds h ave the following properties.
• Tricalcium Silicate, C3S hardens rapidly and is largely
responsible for initial set and early strength development. The
-
8/16/2019 Complete Project Reportd
15/79
55
early st rength of
Portland cement concrete is higher with increased
percentages of C3S.
• Dicalcium Silicate, C2S hardens slowly and contributes
largely to st rength increase a t ages b eyond one week.
• Tricalcium aluminate, C3A liberates a large amount of
heat d uring the rst days of hardening. It also contributes
slightly for early strength development. Cements with low
percentages of this compound are especially resistant to soils
and waters containing sulphates. Concrete made of Portland
cement with C3A contents as h igh as 10.0%, and sometimes
greater, has shown satisfactory durability, provided the
permeability of the c oncrete i s l ow.
• Tetracalcium aluminoferrite, C4AF reduces the
clinkering temperature. It will act as a ux in burning the
clinker. It hydrates rather ra pidly but contributes very little to
strength development.
Most colour effects are due to C4AF series and its
hydrates. The compounds tricalcium aluminate and
tricalcium silicate develop the greatest h eat, then follows
-
8/16/2019 Complete Project Reportd
16/79
55
tetracalcium aluminoferrite, with dicalcium silicate
developing the l east heat of all.
-
8/16/2019 Complete Project Reportd
17/79
-
8/16/2019 Complete Project Reportd
18/79
55
2.1.2.2 Classication of aggregates
The alternative used in the manufacture of good qualconcrete, is t o obtain the a ggregate in at least two s ize g roups,i.e.:
1)ne aggregate often called sa nd not larger than 5mm in size.
2)course aggregate, which comprises m aterial at least 5mm insize.
On the other hand, there are some properties possessed by
the aggregate but absent in the parent rock: particle shape
and size, surface texture, and absorption. All these properties
have a considerable inuence on the quality of the concrete,either in fresh or i n the h ardened state.
It has been found that aggregate may appear to be
unsatisfactory on some count but no trouble need be
experienced when it is u sed in concrete
2.1.2.3 Aggregate p roperties
By selecting different sizes and types of aggregates and
different ratios of aggregate to cement ratios, a wide range of
concrete can be produced economically to suit different
-
8/16/2019 Complete Project Reportd
19/79
55
requirements. Important properties of an aggregate which
affect the performance of a concrete a re d iscussed as follows:
2.1.2.3.1 Sampling
Samples shall be representative and certain precautions in
sampling have to be made. No detailed procedures can be laid
down as the conditions and situations involved in taking
samples in the eld can vary widely from case to case.
Nevertheless, a practitioner ca n obtain reliable resu lts b earing
in mind that t he sample taken is to be representative of the
bulk of the material. The main sample shall be made up of
portions drawn from different parts of the whole. The
minimum number of these portions. In the case of stockpiles,
the sa mple obtained is va riable or se gregated, a large n umber
of increments sh ould be taken and a larger sample should be
dispatched for t esting.
2.1.2.3.2 Particle shape and texture
Roundness m easures t he relative sharpness or angularity of
the ed ges a ndcorners of a p article. Roundness i s con trolled
largely by the st rength and abrasion resistance o f the p arent
-
8/16/2019 Complete Project Reportd
20/79
55
rock and by the am ount of wear to which the particle has b een
subjected. In the ca se o f crushed aggregate, the p article sh ape
depends n ot only on the nature of the parent rock but also onthe t ype o f crusher a nd its red uction ratio, i.e. the ra tio of the
size of material fed into the cru sher t o the si ze o f the nished
product. Particles w ith a high ratio of surface a rea to volume
are a lso of particular i nterest for a given workability of the
control mix.
Elongated and aky particles are departed from equi-
dimensional shape of particles a nd have a larger surface a rea
and pack in an isotropic manner. Flaky particles affect the
durability of concrete, as the particles tend to be oriented in
one plane, with bleeding water and air voids forming
underneath. The akiness a nd elongation tests a re useful for
general assessment of aggregate but they do not adequately
describe the particle shape. The presence of elongated
particles in excess of 10 to 15% of the mass of coarse
aggregate is gen erally u ndesirable, but no recognized limits a re
laid down .Surface texture of the aggregate affects its b ond to
the cement paste and also inuences the water demand of the
mix, especially in the case of ne aggregate. The shape and
surface texture of aggregate inuence considerably the
-
8/16/2019 Complete Project Reportd
21/79
55
strength of concrete. The effects of shape and texture are
particularly s ignicant in the ca se o f high strength concrete.
The full role of shape and texture of aggregate in the
development of concrete st rength is n ot known, but possibly a
rougher t exture resu lts in a larger ad hesive force b etween the
particles and the cement matrix. Likewise, the larger su rface
area of angular a ggregate means that a larger ad hesive force
can be developed.
The shape and texture of ne aggregate have a signicant
effect on the water requirement of the mix made with the givenaggregate. If these properties of ne aggregate are expressed
indirectly by it’s p acking, i.e. by the p ercentage voids i n a loose
condition, then the inuence on the water requirement is qu ite
denite. The inuence of the voids in coarse aggregateis less
denite. Flakiness and shape of coarse aggregates have an
appreciable eff ect on the w orkability of concrete.
2.1.2.3.3 Bond of aggregate
Bond between aggregate and cement paste is an important
factor i n the st rength of concrete, but the n ature o f bond is n ot
-
8/16/2019 Complete Project Reportd
22/79
55
fully understood. Bond is to the interlocking of the aggregate
and the hydrated cement paste due to the roughness of the
surface of the former. A rougher surface, such as that ofcrushed particles, results in a better bo nd due to mechanical
interlocking; better b ond is not u sually obtained with softer,
porous, and minor logically heterogeneous particles. Bond is
affected by the physical and chemical properties of aggregate.
For good development of b ond, it is necessary that the
aggregate surface be clean and free from adhering clay
particles . The d etermination of the quality of bond of aggregate
is d ifficult and no accepted tests exi st. Generally, when bond is
good, a cru shed specimen of normal strength concrete should
contain some aggregate particles broken right through, in
addition to the more numerous ones pulled out from theirsockets. An excess of fractured particles, might su ggest t hat
the a ggregate is t oo weak .
2.1.2.3.4 Strength of aggregate
The compressive strength of concrete cannot signicantly
exceed that of the m ajor p art of the a ggregate c ontained. If the
aggregate under t est leads to a lower com pressive st rength of
concrete, and in particular if numerous individual aggregate
particles appear fractured after the concrete specimen has
been crushed, then the strength of the aggregate
-
8/16/2019 Complete Project Reportd
23/79
55
the nominal compressive strength of the concrete mix. Such
aggregate ca n be u sed only in a concrete of lower strength.
The inuence of aggregate on the strength of concrete is
only due to the m echanical strength of the aggregate but also,
to a considerable degree, to its absorption and bond
characteristics. In general, the strength of agg regate depends
on its co mposition, texture a nd structure. Thus a low strength
may be due to the weakness of constituent grains or the grains
may be st rong but not well knit or cemented together.
A test to measure the compressive strength of prepared rock
cylinders u sed to be p rescribed. However, the results of such a
test are affected by the presence of planes of weakness in the
rock that may not be signicant once the rock has been
comminuted to the size used in concrete .In essence the
crushing st rength test measures t he quality of the p arent rock
rather t han the quality of the aggregate as used in concrete.
For t his reaso n the test is rar ely u sed. Crushing value test BS812: part 105:1990, measures t he resistance to pulverization.
The crushing value is a useful guide when dealing with
aggregates of unknown performance, when lower strength may
be suspected. There is no obvious physical relation between
-
8/16/2019 Complete Project Reportd
24/79
55
this crushing value and the compressive strength, but the
results o f the t wo tests a re u sually in agreement.
2.1.2.3.5 Deleterious substances of aggregate
For satisfactory performance, concrete aggregates should be
free of deleterious materials. There are three categories of
deleterious substances that may be found in aggregates:
impurities, coatings a nd weak or u nsound particles.
2.1.2.3.6 Grading of ne and coarse aggregate
The actual grading requirements depend on the shape and
surface characteristics of the particles. For instance, sh arp
angular p articles with rough surfaces sh ould have a slightly
ner grad ing in order t o reduce the possibility of interlocking
and to compensate for t he h igh friction between the particles
2.1.2.3.6.1 Maximum aggregate sizeExtending the grading of aggregate to a larger maximum size
-
8/16/2019 Complete Project Reportd
25/79
55
lowers the water requirement of t he mix, so that, for a
specied workability and cement content, the water /cement
ratio can be lowered with a consequent increase in strength.Experimental results indicated that above the 38.1mm
maximum size the gain in strength due to the reduced water
requirement is offset by the detrimental effects of lower bond
area (so t hat volume ch anges i n the p aste ca use l arger stresses
at interfaces) an d of discontinuities introduced by the very
large particles. I n structural concrete of u sual proportions,
there is n o advantage in using aggregate with a maximum size
greater than about 25 or 40mm when compressive strength is
a criterion.
2 . 2.1.4 Water Water is a key ingredient in the manufacture of concrete.
Water used in concrete mixes has two functions: the rs
react chemically with the cement, which will nally set and
harden, an d the second function is to lubricate all other
materials a nd make the concrete workable . Although it is a n
important ingredient of con crete, it h as little to do with the
quality of concrete . One of the most common causes of poor-
quality concrete is the use of too much mixing water.
Fundamentally “the strength of concrete is governed by the
nature of the weight of water to the weight of cement in a mix,
-
8/16/2019 Complete Project Reportd
26/79
55
provided that it is plastic and workable, fully compacted, and
adequately cured”.
FIGURES OFMATERIAL USED
1.CEMENT BAG2.CEMENT POWDER
-
8/16/2019 Complete Project Reportd
27/79
55
3. 10MM COARSE AGGREGATE
4. 20MM COARSE AGGREGATE
-
8/16/2019 Complete Project Reportd
28/79
55
5. TROWEL
6. TAMPING ROD
-
8/16/2019 Complete Project Reportd
29/79
55
7. IRON MOULD
8. WEIGHING MACHINE
9. SEIVES O DI ERENT SI!ES
3. LITERATURE
REVIEWPortland cement pervious con crete (PCPC) has great potential
to reduce roadway noise, improve splash and spray, and
improve friction as a surface wearing course. A pervious
-
8/16/2019 Complete Project Reportd
30/79
55
concrete mix design for a surface wearing course must meet
the criteria of ad equate strength and durability under si te-
specic loading and environmental conditions. To date, twokey issues t hat h ave impeded the use of pervious concrete in
the United States a re that strengths o f pervious co ncrete h ave
been lower than necessary for required applications and the
freeze-thaw durability of pervious co ncrete h as b een suspect.
A research project on the freeze-thaw durability of
concrete mix designs at Iowa State University (ISU) has
recently been completed . The results of this st udy have sh own
that a strong, durable pervious concrete mix design that w ill
withstand wet, hard- freeze environments is possible. The
strength is ach ieved through the use of a small amount of neaggregate (i.e., concrete sand) and/or latex admixture to
enhance the particle-to-particle bond in the mix. The
preliminary resu lts were rep orted in Kevern et al. (2005). The
recent work has b een limited to laboratory testing and to only
a few mixes using two sources of aggregates. Preliminary
laboratory testing has shown the importance of compaction
energy on the properties and performance of the mixes, an
issue that h as direct bearing on the construction technique
used to place t he materials in the eld. Additional laboratory
and eld testing is n ecessary t o est ablish minimum mix design
-
8/16/2019 Complete Project Reportd
31/79
55
properties a nd determine optimum construction techniques.A
recent study at Purdue University (Olek et al. 2003) has sh own
that p ervious concrete (termed enhanced porosity concrete inthe Purdue University study) can reduce tire-pavement
interaction noise. Tests co nducted in Purdue University’s Tire-
Pavement Test Apparatus showed reduced noise levels above
1,000 hertz (Hz) and some increase in noise levels below 1,000
Hz. The increased porosity of pervious concrete increased
mechanical excitation and interaction between the tire and
pavement at frequencies below about 1,000 Hz and at
frequencies ab ove about 1,000 Hz; the air pumping mechanics
that dominate at such frequencies are relieved by the
increased porosity leading to decreased high-frequency noise
levels. Several pervious concrete pavements have beenconstructed in Europe, and pervious concrete has b een shown
to be promising in reducing tire-pavement noise and wet
weather spray.
A recent European Scan (sponsored by the Federal
Highway Administration/FHWA) indicated that the use of
pervious p avements a s friction courses i s d eclining, due to the
European preference toward an exposed aggregate concrete.
Also, clogging, raveling, and winter maintenance were
indicated as problem areas. Participants in the Scan felt that
-
8/16/2019 Complete Project Reportd
32/79
55
the use of pervious concrete was not given enough time to
develop into a viable p aving a lternative.
The American experience with pervious concrete is limited.
is important to ascertain what material elements can be
included in the pervious mix design to address the raveling
and clogging issues. If winter maintenance elements and
concerns cannot be overcome, pervious concrete may be able
to be used in warm weather regions. An extensive research
program of laboratory work and eld installations is n eeded to
determine the possibilities for t he use of pervious concrete in
highway a pplications.
The National Concrete Pavement Technology Center (National
CP Tech Center) at ISU developed a research project titled “An
Integrated Study of Portland Cement Pervious Concrete for
Wearing Course Applications.” The objective of the research
was to conduct a comprehensive study focused on the
development of pervious con crete mix designs having adequate
strength and durability for wearing course pavements andhaving surface characteristics t hat r educe n oise a nd enhance
skid resistance w hile p roviding adequate removal of water from
the pavement surface and structure. A range of mix designs
was used necessary to meet requirements for wearing course
-
8/16/2019 Complete Project Reportd
33/79
55
applications. Further, constructability issues for wearing
course sect ions were a ddressed to ensure t hat competitive an d
economical placement of the pervious con crete can be done in
the eld. Hence, during the eva luation phases, both laboratory
and eld testing of the materials and construction were
conducted. The focus of the National CP Tech Center’s work on
pervious concrete was the development of a durable wearing
course that can be used in highway applications for cri ticalnoise, splash/spray, skid resistance, and environmental
concerns. The comprehensive study is anticipated to be
conducted over a ve-year period and is further described
below.
Background
A recent National CP Tech Center report titled Mix Design
Development for Pervious Concrete in Cold Weather Climates
(Schaefer et al. 2006) provides a summary of the available
literature concerning the construction materials, material
properties, surface characteristics, pervious pavement d esign,construction, maintenance, and environmental issues for
PCPC.
The primary goal of the research conducted was to develop
-
8/16/2019 Complete Project Reportd
34/79
55
pervious con crete that would provide freeze- thaw resistance
while maintaining adequate strength and permeability fo
pavement applications. The com plete report is ava ilable on theInstitute for Transportation (InTrans) and National CP Tech
Center website a t
http://www.intrans.iastate.edu/reports/mix_design_pervi
ous.pdf .
The key ndings from the literature reviw summarized as follows:
The engineering properties reported in the l
United States i ndicate a high void ratio, low strength, and
limited freeze -thaw test results. It is b elieved that thesereasons h ave h indered the u se of pervious con crete in the
hard wet freeze r egions (i.e., Midwest and Northeast United
States). The t ypical mix design of pervious co ncrete u sed in
the United States co nsists o f cement, single-sized coarse
aggregate (i.e., between one inch and No. 4), and water to
cement ratio ranging from 0.27 to 0.43.
The28-day compressive strength of pervious concrete ranges
http://www.intrans.iastate.edu/reports/mix_design_pervious.pdfhttp://www.intrans.iastate.edu/reports/mix_design_pervious.pdfhttp://www.intrans.iastate.edu/reports/mix_design_pervious.pdfhttp://www.intrans.iastate.edu/reports/mix_design_pervious.pdf
-
8/16/2019 Complete Project Reportd
35/79
55
from 800 psi(pound per square i nch) to 3,000 psi, with a void
ratio ranging from 14% to 31% and a permeability ranging
from 36 inch/hour (in./hr) to 864 in./hr. The ad vantages ofpervious con crete include improving sk id resistance by
removing water that creates splash and spray during
precipitation events, reducing n oise, minimizing h eat islands
in large ci ties, preserving n ative eco systems, and minimizing
cost in some cases .
Surface coar se pervious concrete pavement systems have been
reported to be used in Europe and Japan. Studies have shown
that pervious concrete generally produces a quieter than
normal concrete with noise levels ranging from 3% to 10%
lower than those of normal concrete. The research conducted
at ISU included studies of the materials u sed in the pervious
concrete, the mix proportions and specimen preparation, the
resulting strength and permeability, and the effects of freeze-
thaw cycling. A variety of aggregate sizes w as tested and both
limestone aggregates and river run gravels were used. The
-
8/16/2019 Complete Project Reportd
36/79
55
effects o f the a ddition of sand, latex, and/or si lica fume on the
resulting behavior were investigated. The key parameters
investigated were strength, permeability, and freeze-thaw
resistance. The overall results ca n be su mmarized in Figure 1,
where it can be seen that an interdependent relationship
exists b etween the void ratio, seven-day compressive st rength,
and permeability of the pervious concrete. In Figure 1 it can
be seen that as the void ratio ic but the permeability increases. Shown in the gure i
range of void ratio between 15% and 19% in which the
strength and permeability are sufficient for the intended
purpose. Subsequent freeze-thaw tests sh owed that a durable
mix can be developed, as shown in Figure 2. Key to the
development of a mix that would provide sufficient strength,
adequate permeability, and freeze-thaw resistance was the
addition of a small amount of sand, about 5% to 7%, that
increased the bonding of the paste to the aggregates. The
laboratory studies also raised the issue of compaction energy
on the results. The difference between the com paction energiesrelated to the amplitude of the vibrating pan, while the
frequency was constant. Figure 3 shows the results of
comparisons of two compaction energies used in the
laboratory, and it can be seen that higher compaction energy
results in stronger m ixes at given void ratios. These results
-
8/16/2019 Complete Project Reportd
37/79
55
point to the importance of proper compaction in the eld.A
number of el d sites have also been investigated and the
results are reported in the master’s thesis by Kevern (2006).Samples from a Sioux City, Iowa site showed more uniform
compaction in the top six inches, with low compaction causing
high voids and low strength in the bottom layer. A mix
proposed for a site in North Liberty, Iowa showed that
limestone mixes with unit weight less than 125 pcf (pounds
per cu bic foot) can be freeze-thaw resistant.
4.OBJECTIVE OF
-
8/16/2019 Complete Project Reportd
38/79
55
THE PROJECT
• To know about size of coarse aggregate should be able to
produce a higher compressive strength and at the same time
produce a higher permeability rat e.
• To know about mixtures with aggregate/cement ratio
are con sidered to be useful for a pavement that r equires low
compressive st rength and high permeability rat e.
•
To study should material proportions to meet thecondition of increased abrasion and compressive stresses d ue
to h igh vehicular loading and traffic volumes.
-
8/16/2019 Complete Project Reportd
39/79
55
5. PROPERTIES
The plastic pervious concrete mixture is stiff compared to
traditional con crete. Slumps, when measured, ar e generally
less than 3/4 inches(20mm), although slumps as high as 2
inches (50mm) have been used. However, slump of pervious
concrete has no correlation with its workability and hence
should not be sp ecied as an acceptance cr iterion.
Typical densities and void contents are on the order kg/m 3 to 2000 kg/m 3 an d 20 to 25% respectively.
The inltration rate (permeability) of pervious concr
vary with aggregate size and density of the mixture,
fall into the r ange of 2 to 18 gallons p er minute p er square foot
(80 to 720 liters per minute per square meter). A moderate
porosity pervious co ncrete pavement system will typically have
a p ermeability of 3.5 gallons p er minute per square foot
(143 liters p er minute per square m eter). Converting the u nits
to in./hr(mm/hr) yields 33 6 in./hr (8534 mm/hr). Perhaps
nowhere in the world would one see su ch a heavy rainfall. In
contrast the st eady st ate inltration rate o f soil ranges from 1
-
8/16/2019 Complete Project Reportd
40/79
55
in./hr (25 mm/hr) and 0.01 in./hr(.25 mm/hr). This clearly
suggests t hat unless t he p ervious co ncrete i s severel y clogged
up due to possibly poor maintenance it is u nlikely that thepermeability of pervious c oncrete i s t he c ontrolling factor i n
estimating ru noff (if any) from a pervious con crete pavement.
For a gi ven rainfall intensity the a mount of runoff from a
pervious con crete pavement system is con trolled by the soi l
inltration rate a nd the a mount of water s torage available in
the p ervious co ncrete a nd aggregate b ase (if any) under the
pervious co ncrete. Generally for a given mixture p roportion
strength and permeability of pervious con crete are a f unction
of the concrete density.
Greater t he amount of consolidation higher the st rength, and
lower t he p ermeability. Since it is n ot possible to duplicate t he
in-place consolidation levels in a pervious concrete pavement
one has to be cautious in interpreting the properties of
pervious co ncrete sp ecimens p repared in the laboratory. Such
specimens may be adequate for quality assurancenamely to
ensure that t he supplied concrete meets specications. Core
testing is re commended for k nowing the in-place properties of
the pervious con crete pavement. The relationship between the
w/cm and compressive strength of conventional concrete is o
signicant. A high w/cm can result in the paste owing from
-
8/16/2019 Complete Project Reportd
41/79
55
the aggregate and lling the void structure. A low w/cm can
result in reduced adhesion between aggregate particles and
placement problems. Flexural strength in pervious concretesgenerally ranges between about 150 psi (1 MPa) and 550 psi
(3.8 MPa). Limited testing in freezing-and-thawing conditions
indicates poor d urability if the entire void structure is lled
with water. Numerous successful projects have been
successfully exec uted and have lasted several winters in harsh
Northern climates such as IN, IL, PA etc. This is possibly
because pervious concrete is unlikely to remain saturat
the eld. The freeze t haw resistance of pervious concrete can
be enhanced by the following measures
1.Use of ne aggregates t o increase st rength and slightly reduce voids content to about 20%.
2.Use of air-entrainment of the paste.
3.Use o f a 6 to 18 in. aggregate base p articularly in areas of deep
frost depths.
4. Use of a perforated PVC pipe in the aggregate base to
capture all the water and let it drain away below the pavement.
Abrasion and raveling could be a problem. Good curing
practices a nd appropriate w/cm (not too low) is important to
-
8/16/2019 Complete Project Reportd
42/79
55
reduce r aveling. Where as sever e raveling is u nacceptable som e
loose stones on a nished pavement is always expect ed. Use of
snow ploughs could increase raveling. A plastic or rubbershield at the base of the plow blade may help to prevent
damage to the pavement.
-
8/16/2019 Complete Project Reportd
43/79
55
6. DESIGN CRITERIAPervious concrete should be designed and sited to intercept,
contain, lter, and inltrate st orm water on site. Several design
possibilities can achieve these objectives. For example,
pervious concrete can be installed across an entire street
width or an entire parking area. The pavement can also be
installed in combination with impermeable pavements or roofs
to inltrate runoff. Several applications use pervious concrete
in parking lot lanes or parking stalls to treat ru noff from
adjacent impermeable pavements and roofs. This design
economizes pervious concrete installation costs while
providing sufficient treatment area for the runoff generated
from impervious su rfaces. Inlets ca n be placed in the pervious
concrete to accommodate overows from extreme storms. The
storm water volume to be captured, stored, inltrated, or
harvested determines t he scal e of permeable pavement .
Pervious con crete com prises t he su rface layer of the permeable
pavement structure and consists of Portland cement, open-
graded coarse a ggregate (typically 5/8 to 3/8 inch), and water.
Admixtures can be added to the concrete mixture to enhance
strength, increase setting time, or add other p roperties. The
-
8/16/2019 Complete Project Reportd
44/79
55
thickness of pervious concrete ranges from 4 to 8 inches
depending on the expected traffic loads.
Choke course - T his permeable layer is typically 1 - 2 inches
thick and provides a level bed for the pervious concrete. It
consists of small-sized, open-graded aggregate.
Open-graded base reservoir - This aggregate layer is
immediately beneath the ch oke layer. The base is t ypically 3 -
4 inches t hick and consists of crushed stones t ypically 3/4 to
3/16 inch. Besides storing water, this high inltration rate
layer pr ovides a transition between the bedding and sub base
layers.
Open-graded sub base reservoir - Th e stone sizes are larger
than the base, typically 2½ to ¾ inch stone. Like the base
layer, water is st ored in the sp aces a mong the st ones. The su b
base layer thickness depends on water storage requirements
and traffic loads. A sub base layer may not be required in
pedestrian or residential driveway applications. In suchinstances, the base layer i s increased to provide water st orage
and support.
Under d rain (optional) - In instances w here pervious concrete
is installed over low-inltration rate soils, a n under drain
-
8/16/2019 Complete Project Reportd
45/79
55
facilitates water removal from the base and sub base. The
under drain is perforated pipe that ties into an outlet
structure. Supplemental storage can be achieved by using asystem of pipes in the a ggregate layers. The p ipes a re t ypically
perforated and provide additional storage volume beyond the
stone b ase.
Geotextile (optional) - This can be used to separate the sub
base from the sub grade and prevent the migration of sothe aggregate su b base or base.
Sub grade - The layer of soil immediately beneath the
aggregate base or su b base. The inltration capacity of the su b
grade determines how much water can exhilarate from the
aggregate into the surrounding soils. The sub grade soil isgenerally not compacted.
Properly installed pervious concrete requires trained and
experienced producers and construction contractors. The
installation of perviousconcrete differs from conventional
concrete in several ways. The pervious concrete mix has low water content and will therefore harden rapidly. Pervious
concrete needs to be poured within one hour of mixing. The
pour time can be extended with the use of admixtures. A
manual or mechanical screed set ½ inch above the nished
height can be u sed to level the co ncrete. Floating a nd troweling
-
8/16/2019 Complete Project Reportd
46/79
55
are not used, as those may close the surface pores.
Consolidation of the concrete, t ypically with a steel roller, is
recommended within 15 minutes of placement (Figure 6).Pervious concrete also requires a longer time to cure. The
concrete should be covered with plastic within 20 minutes of
setting an d allowed to cure for a m inimum of 7 days
-
8/16/2019 Complete Project Reportd
47/79
55
7. SPECIFIC DESIGNCONSIDERATIONS
AND LIMITATIONS The load-bearing and inltration capacities of t
soil, the inltration capacity of the pervious concrete, and thestorage ca pacity of the stone base/sub base are t he key storm
water design parameters. To compensate for the lower
structural support cap acity of clay soils, additional sub base
depth is often required. The increased depth also provides
additional storage volume to compensate for the lower
inltration rate of the clay sub grade. Under d rains are often
used when permeable pavements are installed over clay. In
addition, an impermeable liner m ay be installed between the
sub base and the sub grade to limit water inltration when
clay soils have a high shrink-swell potential, or i f there is a
high depth to bedrock or water table (Hunt and Collins, 2008).
Measures should be taken to protect permeable pavement from
high sediment loads, particularly ne sediment. Appropriate
pretreatment
BMPs for run-on to permeable pavement include lter strips
-
8/16/2019 Complete Project Reportd
48/79
55
and swales. Preventing sediment from entering the base of
permeable pavement during construction is critical. Runoff
from disturbed areas should be diverted away from thepermeable p avement until they a re st abilized.
Several factors may limit permeable pavement use. Pervious
concrete has reduced strength compared to conventional
concrete and will not be appropriate for a pplications with high
volumes and extreme loads. It is not appropriate for storm water hotspots where hazardous materials are loaded,
unloaded, stored, or w here there is a potential for spills and
fuel leakage. For sl opes g reater t han 2 percent, terracing of the
soil sub grade base m ay likely be needed to slow runoff from
owing through the pavement structure. In another approach
for u sing pervious concrete slopes, lined trenches w ith underdrains can be dug across slope to intercept ow through the
sub base
Consistent p orosity through the concrete structure is critical
to prevent freeze-thaw damage. Cement paste and smaller
aggregate can settle to the bottom of the structure duringconsolidation and seal off the concrete pores. If surface water
becomes trapped in pavement voids, then it can freeze,
expand, and break apart the pavement. An evaluation of four
(4) pervious co ncrete si tes (3 with deterioration and 1 without)
in Denver, CO by the Urban Drainage and Flood Control
-
8/16/2019 Complete Project Reportd
49/79
55
District, found that the larger aggregate size mix exhibited
better permeability and less surface deterioration . The
National Ready Mixed Concrete Association also recommendsthe following precautions to prevent pervious concrete from
becoming saturated in regions where hard wet freezes occur
-
8/16/2019 Complete Project Reportd
50/79
55
8. CONSTRUCTION
An experienced installer is vital to the succes
concrete pavements. As with any concrete pavement, proper
subgrade preparation is important. The subgrade should be
properly compacted to provide a uniform and stable surface.
When pervious pavement is placed directly on sandy or
gravelly soils i t is r ecommended to compact the su bgrade to 92
to 95% of the m aximum density . With silty or clayey soi ls, the
level of compaction will depend on the specics of the
pavement design and a layer of open graded stone may have to
be placed over the soil. Engineering fabrics
separate ne grained soils from the stone layer. Care m ust be
taken not to over com pact soi l with swelling potential. The
subgrade should be moistened prior to concrete placement to
prevent the pervious concrete from setting and drying too
quickly. Also wheel ruts from construction traffic should be
raked and re-compacted.
This material is sensitive to changes ia
adjustment of t he fresh mixture is usually necessary. The
correct qu antity of water i n the concrete is critical. Too much
water will cause segregation, and too litt
-
8/16/2019 Complete Project Reportd
51/79
55
balling in the mixer and very slow mixer unloading
Too low a water content can also hinder adequate curig
concrete and lead to a premature raveling surface failure. A
properly proportioned mixture gives t he m ixture a wet-metallic
appearance o r sh een. Pervious concrete has l ittle excess water
in the mixture. Any time the fresh material is allowed to sit
exposed to the elements is t ime that i t is losing water n eeded
for cu ring. Drying of the cement paste can lead to a raveling
failure of the pavement surface. All placement operations and
equipment should be designed and selected with this in mind
and scheduled for rapid placement and immediate curing ofthe pavement. A pervious concrete pavement may be placed
with either xed forms or slip-form paver. The most common
approach to placing pervious concrete is in forms on grade
that h ave a riser strip on the top of each form such that t he
strike off device is actually 3/8-1/2 in. (9 to 12 mm) above
nal pavement elevation. Strike off may be by vibratory or
manual screed s. After st riking off the co ncrete, the ri ser st rips
are removed and the concrete compacted by a manually
operated roller t hat bridges the forms. Rolling consolidates the
fresh concrete to provide strong bond between the paste and
-
8/16/2019 Complete Project Reportd
52/79
55
aggregate, and creates a smoother ri ding surface. Excessive
pressure when rolling should be avoided as it may cause the
voids to collapse. Rolling should be performed immediately
after st rike off. Since oating and trowelling tend to close up
the top surface of the voids they are not carried out. Jointing
pervious concrete pavement follows the same rules as for
concrete slabs on grade, with a few exceptions. With
signicantly less water i n the fresh concrete, shrinkage of thehardened material is red uced signicantly, thus, joint spacings
may be wider. The ru les of jointing geometry, however, remain
the sa me. Joints in pervious c oncrete a re tooled with a rolling
jointing tool. This allows joints
allows curing to continue uninterrupted. Saw cutting joints
also is possible, b ut is not p referred because slurry from
sawing operations m ay block some of the voids, and excessive
raveling of the joints often results. Removing covers to allow
sawing also slows curing, and it is recommended that the
surfaces be re-wet before the covering is replaced. Some
pervious concrete pavements are not jointed, as random
cracking is n ot viewed as a s ignicant decit in the a esthetic of
the pavement (considering its texture), and has n o signicant
affect on the structural integrity of the pavement. Proper
curing is essential to the structural integrity of a pervious
-
8/16/2019 Complete Project Reportd
53/79
55
concrete pavement. The open structure and relatively rough
surface of pervious concrete exposes m ore su rface area of the
cement paste to evaporation, making curing even more
essential than in conventional concreting. Curing ensures
sufficient hydration of the cement paste to provide the
necessary strength in the pavement section to prevent
raveling.
Curing should begin within 20 minutes after nal
consolidation and continue through 14 days. Plastic sheeting
is t ypically used to cu re pervious con crete pavements
PREPARATION O PERVIOUSCONCRETE AND MOULDING
1. T"#$ %$&$'( )' "**+,*+)"($ *+,*,+(),' (, "--+$-"($
-
8/16/2019 Complete Project Reportd
54/79
55
2. T"#$ %,"+ $ "--+$-"($ ,/ "**+,*+)"($ ) $ "'*+,*,+(),'
3 . M) %$&$'( "' "--+$-"($
4.A "($+ (, &) ,/ %$&$'( "--+$-"($
-
8/16/2019 Complete Project Reportd
55/79
55
5. M) ,/ %$&$'( "--+$-"($ "' "($+
6 .T"#$ " % $"' )+,' &, ,/ ) $15%& 15%& 15%&
-
8/16/2019 Complete Project Reportd
56/79
55
7. A** ,) ,' ( $ )' ) $ " ,/ &, , ( "( &, ", ',( ()%# )( &)
8. ) ( $ &, )( %,'%+$($ &)U )'- ("&*)'- +, , ( "( &, ) / : $
9. P ")' (,* +/"%$
-
8/16/2019 Complete Project Reportd
57/79
55
10. %,;$+ (,* /"%$ (, ";,) &,) ( +$ ,
11. O*$' &, "/($+ 24 +
-
8/16/2019 Complete Project Reportd
58/79
55
12. C +)'- ,/ %,'%+$($ /,+ 14 "
13.P$+;), %,'%+$($ < ,%# "/($+ 14 " ,/ % +)'-
-
8/16/2019 Complete Project Reportd
59/79
55
14. T$ ()'- ,/ %,&*+$ );$ (+$'-( ,/ *$+;),%,'%+$($
9. MAINTENANCE The most prevalent maintenance concern is the potential
clogging of the p ervious c oncrete p ores. Fine p articles t hat can
clog the pores a re deposited on the su rface from vehicles, the
atmosphere, and runoff from adjacent land surfaces. Clogging
will increase with age and use. While more particles become
-
8/16/2019 Complete Project Reportd
60/79
55
entrained in the pavement surface, it does not become
impermeable. Studies of the long-term surface permeability of
pervious concrete and other permeable pavements have found
high inltration rates initially, followed by a decrease, and then
leveling off with time . With initial inltration rates of
hundreds of inches per hour, the long-term inltration
capacity remains high even with clogging. When clogged,
surface inltration rates usually well exceed 1 inch per h our, which is sufficient in most circumstances for the surface to
effectively manage intense storm water events (ICPI, 2000). A
study of eleven (11) pervious concrete sites found inltration
rates ranging from 5 in/hr to 1,574 in/hr. The sites taking
runoff from poorly maintained or disturbed soil areas h ad the
lowest inltration rates, b ut t hey were still h igh relative to
rainfall intensities . Permeability can be increased with
vacuum sweeping. In areas where extreme clogging has
occurred, half inch holes can be drilled through the pavement
surface every few feet or so to allow storm water t o drain to the
aggregate base.
Many large cuts and patches in the pavement will weaken the
concrete structure. Freeze/thaw cycling is a major cause of
pavement br eakdown, especially for parking lots in northern
climates. Properly constructed permeable concrete ca n last 20
-
8/16/2019 Complete Project Reportd
61/79
55
to 40 years because of its ability to handle temperature
impacts.
In cold climates, sand should not be applied for sn ow or ice
conditions. However, snow plowing can proceed as with other
pavements and salt can be used in moderation. Pervious
concrete has been found to work well in cold climates a s the
rapid drainage of the surface reduces the occurrence of
freezing puddles a nd black ice. Melting sn ow and ice inltrates
directly into the pavement facilitating faster melting
(Gunderson, 2008).
Cold weather an d frost penetration do not negatively impact
surface inltration rates. P ermeable concrete freezes as a
porous medium rather than a solid block because permeable
pavement systems are d esigned to be well-drained; inltration
capacity is preserved because of the open void spaces(Gunderson, 2008). However, plowed snow piles sh ould not be
left to melt over the p ervious co ncrete a s t hey c an receive h igh
sediment concentrations that can clog them more quickly.
Permeable pavements do not treat chlorides from road salts
-
8/16/2019 Complete Project Reportd
62/79
55
but also require less applied deicers
signicant expense an d chlorides in storm water runoff have
substantial environmental impacts. Reducing chlorideconcentrations in runoff is only achieved through reduced
application of road salts because removal of chloride with
storm water BMPs is n ot effective. Road salt application can be
reduced up to 75% with the use of permeable pavements.
-
8/16/2019 Complete Project Reportd
63/79
55
10. COSTSeveral factors i nuence t he overall cost of pervious co ncrete:
1. Material availability and transport - The ease of obtaining
construction materials a nd the t ime a nd distance for d elivery.
2. Site conditions - Accessibility by con struction equipment,
slope, and existing b uildings a nd uses.
3. Subgrade - Subgrade soils such as clay may result in
additional base material needed for structural su pport or
added storm water storage volume.
4. Storm water management requirements - The level of
control required for t he volume, rate, or qu ality of storm water
discharges will impact the volume of treatment needed.
5. Project size - Larger pervious concrete areas tend to have
lower per square foot costs d ue to construction efficiencies.
Costs vary with site activities and access, pervious concrete
depth, drainage, curbing and under drains (if used), labor
rates, contractor ex pertise, and competition. The cost of the
pervious concrete material ranges from 100 rupees to 350
rupees p er squ are foot. The m aterial cost of pervious co ncrete
can drop signicantly once a market has opened and
producers have m ade initial capacity investments. Eliminating
-
8/16/2019 Complete Project Reportd
64/79
55
or r educing the u se of admixtures, which are a si gnicant cost
in construction, can also lower i nstallation costs.
-
8/16/2019 Complete Project Reportd
65/79
55
11.EXPERIMENTAL VALUES
RESULTS OF EXPERIMENTSCONDUCTED ON MATERIALS
1.CEMENT (53 GRADE ULTRATECH CEMENT)
• Specic gravity :3.02
• Fineness of cement :3.15
• Consistency :35%
• Initial setting time :120min .
2.COARSE AGGREGATE
• Specic gravity :3.00
• Bulk density :1.50
3.FINE AGGREGATE
• Specic gravity :2.63• Fineness modulus :2.5
-
8/16/2019 Complete Project Reportd
66/79
-
8/16/2019 Complete Project Reportd
67/79
55
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
AGE W/C AGG/CEMENT LOAD COMPRESSIVE
RATIO RATIO (KN) STRENGTH(N/sq.mm)
7 0.4 6:1 76 3.377
7 0.4 8:1 40 1.777
7 0.4 10:1 35 1.555
Compressive strength at 14days for 6:1,8:1 and
10:1agg/cement ratio and agg.size of 20mm
AGE W/C AGG/CEMENT LOAD COMPRESSIVE
RATIO RATIO (TONNES) STRENGTH(N/sq.mm)
7 0.4 6:1 100 4.444
7 0.4 8:1 55 2.444
7 0.4 10:1 45 2.0
Compressive strength at 14 days for 6:1,8:1 and
10:1agg/cement ratio and agg.size of 10mm
-
8/16/2019 Complete Project Reportd
68/79
55
-
8/16/2019 Complete Project Reportd
69/79
55
PERMEABILITY
Agg/cement W/C RATIO coefficient of
Ratio permeability(cm/sec*103)
6:1 0.4 3.2
8:1 0.4 3.5
10:1 0.4 3.65
Permeability for 20mm aggregates for different w/c ratio
Agg/cement W/C RATIO coefficient of
Ratio permeability(cm/sec*103)
6:1 0.4 1.6
8:1 0.4 2.5
10:1 0.4 3.14
Permeability for 10mm aggregates for different w/c ratio
-
8/16/2019 Complete Project Reportd
70/79
55
12.RESULTS &CONCLUSION
RESULTS
•
Pervious concrete made from coarse aggregate size 10mmhas compressive strength of 4.444 N/sq. mm and 20mm
aggregate has 3.377 N/sq. mm
• Pervious concrete made from coarse aggregate size 20mm
had compressive strength value of 76% compared to that of10mm.
• The aggregate/cement ratio of 10:1 produced pervious
concrete of higher co-efficient of p ermeability of 3.14x10-
3cm/sec and 3.65x10-3cm/sec for aggregate size 10mm and
20mm respectively.
-
8/16/2019 Complete Project Reportd
71/79
55
CONCLUSIONS
• The smaller the size of coarse aggregate should be able to
produce a higher compressive strength and at the same time
produce a higher permeability rat e.
• The mixtures with higher aggregate/cement ratio 8:1 and
10:1 are considered to be u seful for a pavement that r equires
low compressive st rength and high permeability rat e.
• Finally, further study should be conducted on the
pervious concrete pavement produced with these material
proportions to meet the condition of increased abrasion andcompressive stresses du e to high vehicular loading and traffic
volumes.
-
8/16/2019 Complete Project Reportd
72/79
55
13. PERVIOUSCONCRETE IN INDIA
Pervious concrete can be used and it is being
implemented in some m etropolitan cities in parking lots, drive
ways, gullies, sidewalks, road platforms et
the apartments and the surfacing inside the compound can be
made with pervious con crete. Another signicant advantage in
India is low cost of labour compared to western countries,
much of the pervious con crete is laid manually without using
heavy m achinery, so this ca n be placed in lower costs even in
rural areas.
In future with increased urbanization, diminishing
ground water levels and focus on sustainability technologies
such as pervious concrete are likely to become even more
popular i n India compared to other countries.
-
8/16/2019 Complete Project Reportd
73/79
55
-
8/16/2019 Complete Project Reportd
74/79
55
14. REFERENCES1. Pervious Pavement Manual, Florida Concrete and Products
AssociationInc., Orlando, FL.
2 . Obla, K., Recent Advances i n Concrete Tech nology, Sep.
2007,Washington DC 3.
3.Pervious concrete, The Indian Concrete Journal, August
2010.
4. Ghafoori, N., and Dutta, S., “Building and Nonpavement
Applications of No-Fines Concrete,” Journal of Materials in
Civil Engineering, Volume 7, Number 4, November1995.
5. National Ready Mixed Concrete Association (NRMCA), Freeze
Thaw Resistance of PerviousConcrete, Silver Spring, MD, May
2004, 17 pp.
6. NRMCA, “What, Why, and How? Pervious Concrete,”Concrete inPractice seri es, CIP 38,Silver Spring, Maryland,May 2004b, 2 pages.
7. Tennis, P.Leming. M.L., and Akers, D.J., “Pervious C oncrete
Pavements,” EB 302, PortlandCement Association (PCA),
Skokie, Illinois, 2004, 25 pp.
8. Leming, M.L., Rooney, M.H., and Tennis, P.D., “Hydrologic
Design of Pervious Concrete,” PCA R&D.
-
8/16/2019 Complete Project Reportd
75/79
55
9.Pervious Concrete: Hydrological Design and Resources,
CD063, CD-ROM, PCA, Skokie
-
8/16/2019 Complete Project Reportd
76/79
55
-
8/16/2019 Complete Project Reportd
77/79
55
-
8/16/2019 Complete Project Reportd
78/79
55
-
8/16/2019 Complete Project Reportd
79/79