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Complex Patterns of Inheritance
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I. Incomplete Dominance• An individual displays a trait that is
intermediate between the two parents
• Example: a red snapdragon
crossed with a white
snapdragon produces
pink offspring
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Red = RR, White = WW, Pink = RW
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Make a Punnett square for a red plant crossed with a white plant
R R
W
W
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All offspring are pink, with RW genotype
RW RW
RW
RW
R R
W
W
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Show the cross between two pink snapdragons
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Offspring are 1 red, 2 pink, and 1 white
RR RW
RW WW
R W
R
W
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Incomplete
dominance
in horse
coat color
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II. Codominance
• Two dominant alleles are expressed at the same time
• Roan coat color in horses or cows is an example
• A roan horse has both red and white hairs
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• Roan has red and white hairs
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Parents
Codominancein chicken feather color.
Black and White feathers
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III. Multiple Alleles• Traits controlled by more than 2 alleles.
• Examples are pigeon feather colors
and fur color in many animals.
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Coat color in rabbits
Phenotype Allele Pattern of Inheritance
Dark gray coat C Dominant to all other alleles
Chinchilla (silver-gray)
cch Dominant to Himalayan and white
Himalayan
(white with dark ears)
ch
Dominant to white
White c recessive
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1. List all possible genotypes for a: a) dark gray-coated rabbit CC, Ccch, Cch, Cc b) chinchilla rabbit cchcch, cchch, cchc c) Himalayan rabbit chch, chc d) white rabbit cc
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2. Predict the phenotype for a rabbit with a chcch genotype
chinchilla Predict the phenotype for a rabbit with a
Cch genotype dark gray3. Would it be possible to obtain white
rabbits if one parent is white and the other is chinchilla?
Yes, if the chinchilla parent has a white allele
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4. Would it be possible to obtain chinchilla rabbits if one parent is Himalayan and the other is white?
No, because chinchilla is dominant to both Himalayan and white, so the allele couldn’t be “hiding”.
5. A chinchilla rabbit is mated with a Himalayan. Some offspring are white. What are the parents’ genotypes?
Chinchilla is cchc and Himalayan is chc .
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IV. Sex-linked traits
• A sex-linked trait is a trait whose allele is located on either the X or Y chromosome.
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A) Hairy Ears are caused by a gene on the Y Chromosome
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B) Most sex-linked traits on X chromosome are recessive
• Examples include: hemophilia, red-green colorblindness, and a form of muscular dystrophy
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People with red-green color blindness see the number 35, while people with normal vision see the
number 57
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Hemophilia
• A disorder in which the blood does not clot properly
• Sex-linked recessive (on the X chromosome)• Males receive the hemophilia gene from their
mothers
Extensive bruising of
the left forearm
and hand in a patient
with hemophilia.
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Genotypes for females
XHXH = normal blood clotting, non-carrier
XHXh = normal blood clotting, carrier of gene
XhXh = female with hemophilia
Queen Victoria of the
United Kingdom was a
carrier of hemophilia
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Genotypes for Males
• XHY = normal blood clotting
• XhY = male with hemophilia
• Tsarevich Alexei of Russia
had hemophilia
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What is Alix’s genotype?
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1. Cross a carrier mother with a normal father.
XH
Xh
XH
Y
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What percent of sons have hemophilia?What percent of daughters have
hemophilia?
XH Xh
XH XHXH XHXh
Y XHY XhY
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50% of sons have hemophilia, 0% of daughters have hemophilia.
XH Xh
XH XHXH XHXh
Y XHY XhY
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2. Cross a hemophiliac father with a normal (non-carrier) mother.
XH
XH
Xh
Y
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What percent of sons have hemophilia? What percent of daughters are carriers?
XH XH
Xh XHXh XHXh
Y XHY XHY
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0% percent of sons have hemophilia. 100% percent of daughters are carriers.
XH XH
Xh XHXh XHXh
Y XHY XHY
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3. Cross a carrier mother with a hemophiliac father.
XH
Xh
Xh
Y
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What percent of sons have hemophilia?What percent of daughters have hemophilia?
XH Xh
Xh XHXh XhXh
Y XHY XhY
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50% percent of sons have hemophilia. 50% percent of daughters have hemophilia.
XH Xh
Xh XHXh XhXh
Y XHY XhY
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4. Cross a hemophiliac mother with a normal father
• What percent of sons have hemophilia?
• What percent of daughters have hemophilia?
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100% percent of sons have hemophilia. 0% percent of daughters have hemophilia.
Xh Xh
XH XHXh XHXh
Y XhY XhY
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V. Polygenic traits• Traits that are influenced by 2 or more
genes
• Examples include human height, weight, hair color, eye color, and skin color
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Coat color in Labrador retrievers
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Coat color in Labrador retrievers
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Is it possible for two chocolate lab
parents to have black lab offspring?
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VI. Traits influenced by the environment.
• Color of hydrangea flowers (blue in acidic soil, pink in basic soil)
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• Color of arctic fox
• Human height, skin color, behavior