Topics to be covered What is information system?1
Input Device2
Output Device3
Processing Device4
Communication Devices5
Information System
A complete information system is made up of five (5) parts:
1. Hardware
2. Software
3. Data
4. Users
5. Procedures
It is a set of instructions that control the working of the computer’s operations.
These instructions are stored as programs.
Hardware The hardware consists of all parts of the Computer that you
can see and touch. These include input, processing and output devices.
Software
Data Data consists of raw facts and figures.
UserA user: is a person who uses the computer with a specific
objective. User inputs data and gets the information User requires.
ProceduresA procedure: is an ordered set of tasks for performing some
action.The rules or guidelines that are followed in the use of
hardware, software and data are procedures.
Computer Hardware The equipment that processes data to create
information is called hardware. Hardware for a microcomputer system
consists of a variety of devices.
These may be divided into four(4) basic
categories:
1. Input/Output,
2. Processing,
3. Storage
4. Communication.
Data Information
Output DevicesOutput devices translate the processed information generated by the computer into a form that humans can understand.
Monitor This is also called a Visual Display Unit (VDU). It is used to display both data that is entered and data after it
is processed to the user. It is similar to a TV screen and can display text and graphic
images.
CRT LCD
PrintersSince the output on the monitor cannot be stored
for later reference, a printer is used to obtain a permanent copy of the output.
There are different types of printers based on their features which are as follows:
Capabilities of a Printer1. Resolution: This is a measure of the clarity of images
produced. Printer resolution is measured in “dpi (i.e. dots per inch)”. Higher dpi results in better quality images.
2. Color capability: Printers provide the option to print in gray scale using black ink only or with color.
3. Speed: This is measured in number of pages printed per minute.
4. Memory: This is used to store printing instructions and documents waiting to be printed.
Audio Output Devices These devices translate audio information from the
computer into sounds that people can understand. “Speakers” and “Headphones” are widely used audio-
output devices which are connected to a sound card in the system unit and can be used to play music and communicate information from the computer system to users.
Processing Devices The CPU is the brain of the computer. Sometimes
referred to simply as the central processor, but more commonly called processor, the CPU is where most calculations take place.
In terms of computing power, the CPU is the most important element of a computer system.
Microprocessor In a microcomputer system, the central processing unit
(CPU) is contained on a single chip called the “Microprocessor”.
The microprocessor is the “brain” of the computer and has two basic components:1. ALU (Arithmetic and Logic Unit)2. CU (Control Unit)
ALU (Arithmetic and Logic Unit) The actual processing of the data and instruction are
performed by Arithmetic Logical Unit. The major operations performed by the ALU are (+,-,*,/)
addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, logic and comparison.
Control Unit (CU)
The control unit determines the sequence in which computer programs and instructions are executed.
Storage DevicesA STORAGE DEVICE :is a device for recording (storing) information (data). This is also referred to as MEMORY.
There are basically 2 types of memory:-1. Primary2. Secondary
Primary Memory Primary storage (or main memory or internal
memory) ,often referred to simply as MEMORY.
It is the only one directly accessible to the CPU. The CPU continuously reads instructions stored there
and executes them as required. There are 2 types of Primary memory :-
1. RAM (Random Access Memory) 2. ROM (Read Only Memory)
Secondary MemorySecondary storage holds data and programs even if
electrical power is not available.The most important types of secondary media are
Magnetic and optical disks.
Major Differences
Primary memory Secondary memory • Fast• Expensive• Low capacity• Connects directly to
the CPU
• Slow• Cheap• Large capacity• Not connected directly to
the processor
Communication DevicesThrough communication devices, a computer can communicate with other computer systems located around the world using the Internet.
The important communication devices are :1. NIC-Adapters2. Routers 3. Hubs4. Switches 5. Gateways 6. Modems7. Networking Cables.
Units of Measurement Used in Computers
Computer memory is measured in bit and byte.
Memory capacity is the number of bytes (characters) a storage medium can hold. You can find storage devices of different capacity for the computers.
What are bit, byte, K.byte, M.byte, G.byte, T.byte?
All computers work on a binary numbering system, i.e. they process data in ones or zeros. Bit – 1 and 0 level of storage is called a bit
(short for binary digit). Byte - 8 bits make 1 byte. A byte is the smallest
unit which can represent a data item or a character.
Likewise, kilobyte (KB), megabyte (MB), gigabyte (GB) and terabyte (TB) all are units to represent higher volumes of data.
Comparison between the Units of measurement
Unit Description
Bit 0 and 1
Byte (B) 1 B = 8 bits
Kilobyte (KB) 1 KB = 1024 B
Megabyte (MB) 1 MB = 1024 KB
Gigabyte (GB) 1 GB = 1024 MB
Terabyte (TB) 1 TB = 1024 GB