Computer AnatomyChin-Sung Lin
Eleanor Roosevelt High School
The Visible Part:Computer Hardware
What is a Computer?
Main Memory
Microprocessor
Storage
OutputInput
What is a Computer?
What is a Computer?
System Unit
Motherboard
TerminologyBit (b), Byte (B), Word, LSB & MSB
Terminology
Prefix: kB, MB, GB & TB
Example: Number of bytes (B)
1 kB = 1,000 B = 103 B
1 MB = 1,000,000 B = 106 B
1 GB = 1,000,000,000 B = 109 B
1 TB = 1,000,000,000,000 B = 1012 B
TerminologySerial vs. Parallel Communication
TerminologyFrequency (Hz, kHz, MHz & GHz)
Number of clocks per second (Hertz, Hz)
1 kHz = 1,000 Hz = 103 Hz
1 MHz = 1,000,000 Hz = 106 Hz
1 GHz = 1,000,000,000 Hz = 109 Hz
TerminologyBandwidth (BW)
Amount of data being transmitted per second (e.g., MB/s, Gb/s)
USB 3.0 reaches 5 Gb/s (gigabits per second)
PCI Express 4.0 can reach 15.754 Gb/s
IEEE 802.11 ad reaches 6.75 Gb/s
Back Panel Interface
PS/2 Keyboard and Mouse Connectors
PS/2 Mouse
PS/2 Keyboard
Serial and Parallel Ports
25-pin Parallel Port
9-pin Serial Port
USB and Ethernet Connectors
Ethernet
USB
Audio Connectors
Line In
Microphone In
Audio Out
VGA Connectors
HDMI Connectors
ATX Connector
IDE (PATA) Connector
SATA Connector
Advanced Graphics Port (AGP)
PCI Slot
Motherboard Interface
Motherboard
What is a Computer?
What is a Computer?
Main Memory
Microprocessor
Storage
OutputInput
Motherboard
Processor
Processor
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Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Central Processing Unit (CPU)Select
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Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Motherboard Chipset
Motherboard Chipset
Cache Memory
Level 2 Cache Memory
Memory Hierarchy
Memory Hierarchy
Memory
72-pin SIMM (Single Inline Memory Module)
168-pin DIMM (Dual Inline Memory Module)
Hard Drive (HD/HDD)
Hard Drive Capacity
Solid State Drive (SSD)
Hybrid Hard Drive (HHD)
HD vs. SSD
Solid State Drive (SSD)
Power Supply Unit
Motherboard
Motherboard
The Invisible Part:Computer Software
Software Layer Structure
Software Layer Structure
Operating System
Desktop Operating System
Mobile Operating System (US)
Mobile Operating System (Global)
Types of Operating Systems
Single-user, single-tasking
Single-user, multi-tasking
Multi-user, multi-tasking
Real-time operating system
Single-User Single-Tasking
Single user can effectively do one thing at a time.
Also know as Embedded operating systems.
Used in personal digital assistants (PDAs) and mobile phones.
Single-User Multi-Tasking
Typical desktop and laptop operating systems such as Windows and Mac OS.
Single user can run several programs at the same time.
Multi-User Multi-TaskingA multi-user operating system simultaneously allows many different users (hundreds or even thousands) to take advantage of the computer's resources.
Unix, MVS, VMS are examples.
Real-Time OS (RTOS)The fastest OS which are used in time-critical environments/applications.
Control machinery, scientific instruments, industrial systems, sophisticated medical equipment, airport traffic, space flights and high speed aircraft.
Software Layer Structure
Software Layer Structure
Operating System
Operating System
Functions of Operating Systems
System Bootup
Application Program Loading
Hardware Resource Management
Memory Management
File System Management
Security
User Interface
PC Boot Up Process
CPU initializes itself by a series of clock ticks.
ROM BIOS runs the power-on self test (POST), and checks the BIOS chip, CMOS RAM, hardware (e.g., video card), secondary storage (e.g., hard drives), ports, keyboard and mouse.
The BIOS looks for an OS to load from the C drive or DVD drive. The order of drives that the CMOS looks to in order to locate the OS is called the boot sequence.
The BIOS copies its files into memory and the OS takes over control of the boot process.
The OS performs another inventory of the system's memory and loads the device drivers for the peripheral devices, such as a printer, scanner, optical drive, mouse and keyboard.
After this the user can access the system’s applications to perform tasks.
Keep an on …
Future Technology
Mobile Computing
Cloud Computing
Neuromorphic Chips
Quantum Computer
Cognitive Computing
Computer Anatomy Q & A