Download - Computers Generations
7/25/2019 Computers Generations
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/computers-generations 1/53
Computer
Generations lax kd
larfr
B
y:Rahul alik
January, 2016
7/25/2019 Computers Generations
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/computers-generations 2/53
Computer = Compute= Calculate
Thirteen century Abacus believes to be the first
ever computer
Computers Generations
7/25/2019 Computers Generations
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/computers-generations 3/53
Computer = An electronic device that performsarithmetical & logical tasks with speed & accuracy
without interruption
Computers Generations
7/25/2019 Computers Generations
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/computers-generations 4/53
Characteristics of Computer
Speed
Accuracy
VersatilityPower of Memory
Computers Generations
7/25/2019 Computers Generations
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/computers-generations 5/53
Characteristics of Computer
Diligence
No IQ !
No Feelings
Computers Generations
7/25/2019 Computers Generations
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/computers-generations 6/53
Generation of Computer
First Generation (before 1955)
Vacuum Tube Technology
Computers Generations
7/25/2019 Computers Generations
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/computers-generations 7/53
Generation of Computer
First Generation (before 1955)
Vacuum tubes were the only electronic
components available during those days
The technology made possible the advent
of digital computers
Fastest calculating device of that era
Could compute in milliseconds
Characteristics
Computers Generations
7/25/2019 Computers Generations
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/computers-generations 8/53
Computers Generations
First Generation (before 1955)
7/25/2019 Computers Generations
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/computers-generations 9/53
Generation of Computer
First Generation (before 1955)
Too bulky in size
Unreliable
Emitted large amount of heat thus prone to
burnt out
Prone to frequent hardware failure
Non-portable
Constant maintenance required
Limited commercial use
Disadvantages
Computers Generations
7/25/2019 Computers Generations
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/computers-generations 10/53
Generation of Computer
Second Generation (1955 - 1964)
Transistors based system
Smaller is size and more reliable than
vacuum tube
Less heat generated
Computational time reduced to milliseconds
to microseconds
Less prone to hardware failure
Better portability
Wider commercial use
Characteristics
Computers Generations
7/25/2019 Computers Generations
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/computers-generations 11/53
Second generation computers
7/25/2019 Computers Generations
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/computers-generations 12/53
Generation of Computer
Second Generation (1955 - 1964)
Frequent maintenance required
Manual assembly of individual components
into functioning unit was required
Air-conditioning required
Commercial production was difficult and
expensive
Disadvantages
Computers Generations
7/25/2019 Computers Generations
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/computers-generations 13/53
Generation of Computer
Third Generation (1964 - 1975)
Based on Integrated Circuit (IC)
Frequent maintenance required
Manual assembly of individual components
into functioning unit was required
Air-conditioning required
Commercial production was difficult and
expensive
Characteristics
Computers Generations
7/25/2019 Computers Generations
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/computers-generations 14/53
Generation of Computer
Third Generation (1964 - 1975)
Smaller in size as compared to previous
generation computer
More reliable than 2nd generation computer
Lower heat generated than 2nd gen
Computational time reduced from
microseconds to nanoseconds
Characteristics
Computers Generations
7/25/2019 Computers Generations
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/computers-generations 15/53
Generation of Computer
Third Generation (1964 - 1975)
Less power required as compared
Hardware failure are rare thus maintenance
cost is low
Easily portable
Widely used for various commercial
applications
Commercial production was
easier and cheaper
Characteristics
Computers Generations
7/25/2019 Computers Generations
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/computers-generations 16/53
Generation of Computer
Third Generation (1964 - 1975)
Air-conditioning
required in many cases
Highly sophisticated
technology required for
the manufacturing of IC
chips
Disadvantages
Computers Generations
7/25/2019 Computers Generations
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/computers-generations 17/53
Generation of Computer
Fourth Generation (1975 onwards)
Initially ICs were to house 10-20 individual
components (SSI technology)
Then with the advent of technology MSI &
LSI came into the picture
Very small & powerful chips developed
through VLSI
Charecteristics
Computers Generations
7/25/2019 Computers Generations
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/computers-generations 18/53
Generation of Computer
Fourth Generation (1975 onwrds)
Computer giant IBM tried to develop
micro computer called PC (Personal
Computer)
Intel Corp developed Micro chip code named
80286, 80386, 80486
Technology made it possible PC to reach
home
Charecteristics
Computers Generations
7/25/2019 Computers Generations
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/computers-generations 19/53
Generation of Computer
Fourth Generation (1975 onwrds)
Computer giant IBM tried to develop
micro computer called PC (Personal
Computer)
Intel Corp developed Micro chip code named
80286, 80386, 80486
Technology made it possible PC to reach
home
Charecteristics
Computers Generations
7/25/2019 Computers Generations
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/computers-generations 20/53
Generation of Computer
Forth Generation (1995 onwrds)
Software companies joined hand in
developing new kind of OS & Application
Software
Advanced Micro Devices (AMD), leading CPU
manufacturing company introduced
equivalent processors
Sun Micro Systems also came up with the
Same idea
Charecteristics
Computers Generations
7/25/2019 Computers Generations
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/computers-generations 21/53
Generation of Computer
Forth Generation (1995 onwrds)
Computer became a tool for entertainment
with the development with newer technology
The term MULTIMEDIA came along with the
advent of CD ROMs, Sound cards & Speakers
New OSs supporting GUI and other graphical
& gaming/entertainment software introduced
Charecteristics
Computers Generations
7/25/2019 Computers Generations
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/computers-generations 22/53
Generation of Computer
Forth Generation (1995 onwrds)
Smallest in size because of high component
density
Fast, accurate and reliable in performance
Less power consumption and heat
generation
Super portability
Hardware failure is minimal thusalmost maintenance free
Cheapest among its predecessor
Advantages
Computers Generations
C G
7/25/2019 Computers Generations
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/computers-generations 23/53
Generation of Computer
Fifth Generation (2000 onwrds)
Technology became more sophisticated
More number of transistors making it more
complex in CPU architecture
More speed and accuracy needed for
demanding tasks
Developers introduced Pentium I, P II, P III &
P IV category of job intensives CPUs
Charecteristics
Computers Generations
7/25/2019 Computers Generations
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/computers-generations 24/53
Fifth generation computers
C G
7/25/2019 Computers Generations
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/computers-generations 25/53
Generation of Computer
Fifth Generation (2000 onwrds)
Many changes took place over the time in
these generation of CPUs
Both Intel & AMD introduced slot & sockettype CPUs
Almost in every quarter there was a new
entrant with higher speed and better quality
of computing
Charecteristics
Computers Generations
C G
7/25/2019 Computers Generations
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/computers-generations 26/53
Generation of Computer
Sixth/Seventh Generation (Till date)
Looks and basic technology remain same
More processing power & data bandwidth
Enhanced L1, L2 & L3 CACHE memory
Better data handling capacity
Improved CPU intensive tasks (high-end
graphics, animation, video editing,
Audio encoding etc.
Better multitasking
Charecteristics
Computers Generations
C G
7/25/2019 Computers Generations
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/computers-generations 27/53
Generation of Computer
Sixth/Seventh Generation (Till date)
Very stiff competition among the major
players
Concept of putting 2 different core in asingle chip introduced
2 core working at same speed made
multitasking buttery
Charecteristics
Computers Generations
C G
7/25/2019 Computers Generations
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/computers-generations 28/53
Generation of Computer
Sixth/Seventh Generation (Till date)
Even quad core in a single chip both from
AMD & rival Intel released
Processing speed is skyrocketing day by day
AMD even developed 5 core in a single chip
codenamed VENOM
Charecteristics
Computers Generations
C G i
7/25/2019 Computers Generations
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/computers-generations 29/53
Generation of Computer
Sixth/Seventh Generation (Till date)
Today’s modern computer is much more
superior than its predecessors in terms of
looks, performance and portability
Other components have been tremendously
changed and improved to match the pace
with CPU technology
Software are also compensating the
Changes at per with thedevelopment
Charecteristics
Computers Generations
C G i
7/25/2019 Computers Generations
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/computers-generations 30/53
Inside of a computer
Mother board that houses all major components
Computers Generations
C G i
7/25/2019 Computers Generations
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/computers-generations 31/53
Inside of a computer
CPU placed on its designated slot in Mother board
Computers Generations
C t G ti
7/25/2019 Computers Generations
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/computers-generations 32/53
Inside of a computer
Hard Disk is connected as permanent storage medium
Computers Generations
C t G ti
7/25/2019 Computers Generations
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/computers-generations 33/53
Inside of a computer
RAM as primary storage medium placed on MB
Computers Generations
C t G ti
7/25/2019 Computers Generations
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/computers-generations 34/53
Inside of a computer
Graphic card is placed on MB and rear point connects
the monitor
Computers Generations
C t G ti
7/25/2019 Computers Generations
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/computers-generations 35/53
Inside of a computer
A Floppy Disk Drive may be connected with MB
Computers Generations
C t G ti
7/25/2019 Computers Generations
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/computers-generations 36/53
Inside of a computer
A CD/DVD ROM/Writer may be connected with MB
Computers Generations
C t G ti
7/25/2019 Computers Generations
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/computers-generations 37/53
Inside of a computer
A Sound card (optional) may be installed on MB
Computers Generations
C t G ti
7/25/2019 Computers Generations
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/computers-generations 38/53
Inside of a computer
A monitor is connected with GFX card installed on MB
Computers Generations
C t G ti
7/25/2019 Computers Generations
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/computers-generations 39/53
Inside of a computer
Power Supply (SMPS) fitted inside the cabinet pumps
power to the MB
Computers Generations
C t G ti
7/25/2019 Computers Generations
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/computers-generations 40/53
Inside of a computer
Key board & mouse are connected at the rear of the cabinet
Computers Generations
Computers Generations
7/25/2019 Computers Generations
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/computers-generations 41/53
Computer assembly is done!
Computer from outside either in tower or laptop form
Computers Generations
Computers Generations
7/25/2019 Computers Generations
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/computers-generations 42/53
Computer Organization Basics
All computer systems performs the following five basic operations:
Input (Wheat)
Storing (Wheat)
ControllingProcessing
Output (Atta)
Computers Generations
Computers Generations
7/25/2019 Computers Generations
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/computers-generations 43/53
Computer Organization Basics
Block Diagram: How computer functions
Storage Unit
Control Unit
Input Unit Output Unit
Arithmetic
Logic Unit
Computers Generations
Computers Generations
7/25/2019 Computers Generations
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/computers-generations 44/53
Number System
Inside a computer system, data is stored in a format
which is not easily read by human being
That is why in computer system input & output (I/O)
interface is needed
Every computer stores numbers, letters and other
special characters as number codes which is called
machine language
So, number system is important for computers
Computers Generations
Computers Generations
7/25/2019 Computers Generations
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/computers-generations 45/53
Number System
Non Positional Number System
In early days, human being used to count on fingers
When that was not adequate, stone, pebbles, logs &
sticks were used to indicate values
Computers Generations
Computers Generations
7/25/2019 Computers Generations
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/computers-generations 46/53
Number System
Positional Number System: Binary Number System3 bit numbers & their Decimal values
BINARY DECIMAL EQUIVALENT
000 0
001 1
010 2
011 3
100 4
101 5
Computers Generations
Computers Generations
7/25/2019 Computers Generations
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/computers-generations 47/53
Operating System: MS DOS
Developed by Micro Soft Inc.
Introduced in 1980’s
Initially it was named as QDOS (Quick & Dirty Operating System)
Based on X386 type Microprocessor based System
IBM requested Micro Soft for a version exclusively for its PC
Version of DOS introduced on IBM PC named as PC DOS
Computers Generations
Computers Generations
7/25/2019 Computers Generations
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/computers-generations 48/53
Operating System: MS DOS
Features of DOS
Networking was not possible
No Multi User capabilities
Did not support Multitasking
No Multi threading
Computers Generations
Computers Generations
7/25/2019 Computers Generations
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/computers-generations 49/53
Operating System: MS DOS
Some useful internal DOS Commands
del, erase - delete files
rd, rmdir - delete directories
dir - show content of directories
cd, chdir - change current directory
cls - clear the screen
Computers Generations
Computers Generations
7/25/2019 Computers Generations
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/computers-generations 50/53
Operating System: MS DOS
Some useful internal DOS Commands
md, mkdir - create a directory
copy - copy of one or several files
ren, rename - rename of files or directories
type - shows the content of text files
ver - shows the DOS version number
vol - shows the name of the storage drive
Computers Generations
Computers Generations
7/25/2019 Computers Generations
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/computers-generations 51/53
Operating System: MS DOS
Some external DOS Commands
attrib - shows the attributes of files or set one of those
Chkdsk –
checks the disk status
fdisk - partitioning or modify of the hard disk
Computers Generations
Computers Generations
7/25/2019 Computers Generations
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/computers-generations 52/53
Operating System: MS DOS
Some external DOS Commands
move - move of files
mem - shows the occupancy of working memory
tree - shows the directory structure
format - format of storage drives
Computers Generations
7/25/2019 Computers Generations
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/computers-generations 53/53
Rahul Malik
hank you