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Computing for Low Resource Environments at UW
Richard Anderson
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How can computing have a broader impact?
• Can computing have a positive impact on the lives of people with limited access to technology– Health– Education– Livelihood
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Education
• Senior Capstone Course– CSE 477, Gaetano Borriello– Year long course
• Fall term: Domain• Winter term: Design• Spring term: Develop and deploy
– Group projects: 4-6 students
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OLPC Presenter
• Teachers sharing content with students using low cost laptops
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Starbus
• Provide real time bus information
• Technologies– SMS– GPS
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Empower Artists
• Connect traditional artists with consumers
• Allow artists to get improved compensation
• Partner with Heritage University
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Research Projects
• eIMCI – Community Health Workers
• CAM – MicroFinance
• Digital StudyHall – primary education
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e-ICMI
• Hand held device to support delivery of medical protocol
• Target community health workers in Africa
• Brian DeRenzi
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Motivation
• This year almost 10 million children will die before reaching the age of 5
• Most live in low-income countries
• Almost 2/3 could be saved by the correct application of affordable interventions
• Every 6 seconds a child dies from a preventable cause
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IMCI
• UNICEF, WHO and others develop medical protocols
• Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI)
• Address most common childhood illness• Easy to use for lowly-trained health workers• Originally developed in 1992 by WHO and
UNICEF• Adopted by over 80 countries worldwide• Integrated most common causes of childhood
illness into a single approach
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IMCI Example
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IMCI Barriers
• Expense of training ($1150 -$1450)
• Not sufficient supervision
• Chart booklet– Takes a long time to use– Natural tendency to be less rigorous– Social pressure
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e-IMCI
• Put IMCI protocol on PDA
• Guide health workers step-by-step through the protocol
• Data collection is a by-product of care
• Can handle more complex protocols
• Interface with other devices and EMR
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e-IMCI Interface
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e-IMCI
• Code based on South Africa HUPA project
• Windows Mobile 5.0 – PDA/SmartPhone
• Contains cough, diarrhea, fever and ear pain questions and treatment
• First visit, ages 2 weeks to 5 years
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Mtwara, Tanzania
• Worked with IHRDC in Mtwara, Tanzania• Southern Tanzania• Rural
– Subsistence farming– Fishing
• Piloted e-IMCI at a
dispensary
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Study Design
• Started with 5 clinicians
• Four clinicians completed study
• Goals:– Discover usability issues– Discover if e-IMCI helped adherence– Determine how e-IMCI effects patient visit
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Study Design
• Started with some pre-trials to fix major bugs
• Semi-structured interview of all clinicians
• Observed 24 current practice IMCI sessions
• 31 e-IMCI sessions
• Exit interview for each clinician
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Adherence
• Measured adherence by 23 questions/ investigations IMCI asks the practitioner to perform
• e-IMCI significantly improved adherence to the IMCI protocol
6156.9
84.7
77.4
0
10
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50
60
70
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All Investigations Advice
Per
cen
t ob
serv
ed
Current Practice e-IMCI
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Timing
• No substantial increase in patient visit time
• Factors– Number of
classifications– Interruptions
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Clinician Reaction
• Unanimously cited e-IMCI as easier to use and faster than following the chart booklet
• Wanted to use the system for Care Treatment Clinic
• Liked being able to review answers to questions• Asked to be in future studies• “Sometimes since I have experience [with IMCI]
I will skip things, but with the PDA I can’t skip.”
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Lessons Learned
• Limitations– Question Grouping– Threshold Problem
• Requirements– Flexibility
• Incorrect IMCI– Cough syrup
• Local Preference – Antibiotic– Lab use
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e-IMCI for Training
• Current training lasts 11-16 days
• Costs $1150 - $1450 per person
• Using e-IMCI to train, could reduce time and cost
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User-Driven Model
• “Expert” mode
• Allow users to decide what investigations to perform
• Flexibility will encourage long-term use
• Merge with current system-driven approach to ensure correct care
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CAM Cell Phone Data Collection
• Tapan Parikh
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Financial Services for the PoorMicrofinance: Global Movement
– Grameen Bank & Muhammad Yunus – 2006 Nobel Prize
Self-Help Groups (SHGs) -– Collect savings during meetings
– Use capital for small loans
– Business, livestock, education, health care, etc.
– Repayment based on peer pressure
Decentralize financial service provision
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SHGs are being linked to banks Access more credit at better rates Other services (insurance, investment, savings, etc.) Local intermediation can reduce cost of service Excellent repayment performance (90-98%)
However, many obstacles Parikh - ICTD 2006
Spread across remote rural areas Limited education, infrastructure, financial capacity Documentation practices are inconsistent Difficult to assess credit risk and make decisions
Linking Formal and Informal
SHGs Banks
v $$Info
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Information can bridge the divide– Connect the formal and the informal– Provide oversight and understanding for SHGs– Provide credit ratings and risk analysis for banks– Result: SHGs get better rates for better performance
Can we design a system for SHGs to aggregate data?– Accessible to users– Accurate and efficient– Intermittent power, connectivity– Generalizes to other applications
Information can be the Bridge
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Mobile phones are the perfect client device– Exponential growth across developing world– Numeric Keypad, Speakers & Microphone– Intermittent network, Battery-operated, Low-cost– Supports Agent-based service model
Problems and Limitations– Small screen: adapted WIMP metaphor– Numeric keypad: text entry is difficult– Difficult to program applications
source: grameen-info.org
Mobile Phones
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CAM: Application Toolkit for Mobile Phones
CAMBrowsermobile phone app to process forms
CAMFormsinteractive paper forms
CAMScriptscripting language for form interaction
CAMBrowsermobile phone app to process forms
<function name=”a_click”>d = input_date(“Date”, “date.wav”);i = input_int(“Interest”, “int.wav”);p = input_int(“Principal”, “pri.wav”);if (d & p & i) http_put(“...”);
</function>
Parikh et al. - IEEE Pervasive 2005, WWW 2006
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<function name=”a_click”>date = input_date(“Enter Date” “date.wav”);amt = input_int(“Enter Amount”, “amount.wav”);message_note(“Say your name”,”sayname.wav”);record_audio(“name.wav”);email(“[email protected]”, “a=”#amt, “name.wav”);
</function>
CAM: Key Features
Tight linkage to paper practices– Retain paper as the authoritative local record– Avoid abstract, menu-driven interaction– Not optimizing for local labor – don't need OCR!
Simple, scripted programming model– Easy to program and use
Multimedia Input & Output– Capture audio and images instead of text
Disconnected Operation– Transfer data using SMS, MMS, Email (and HTTP)
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CAM: Data Flow in MicrofinanceFramework for SHG data collection and reporting
Increased transparency within SHG
Improved documentation when applying for loans
Provide new services to members (e.g. flexible savings)
ekgaon.com
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July 4, 2008 34IUCEE: Social Impact
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Task: Record transactions during SHG meetings– Users: 14 field agents from NGO – 7th grade to college educated– Simulated and in situ testing
Results: – Learnable: Learned within 1-3 sessions– Efficient: 30 secs per form, 8-10 mins per meeting– Accurate: Error rate < 1% (0% for in situ tests) – Users performed significantly better with audio
35 CAM: Usability Evaluation Parikh et al. - ACM CHI 2006
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CAM: Impact in MicrofinanceCommercialized by ekgaon technologies pvt.ltd
2 NGOs / 17 agents / 700 SHGs / 10000 members
In active use in Tamil Nadu since October 2006
36
ekgaon.com
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Digital StudyHall
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Digital StudyHall
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Educational Challenges in Rural India
• Lack of qualified teachers
• Poor infrastructure• Teacher
absenteeism• Poor teaching
techniques• Few books or
supplies
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Digital StudyHall
Record lessons at central school
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Replay lessons at rural schools
Facilitators play a key role
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Digital StudyHall
• DSH Partners with Educational Centers of Excellence– Radiate their excellence to surrounding slum and village schools
• First DSH Partner: StudyHall Private School in Lucknow– Employs many excellent teachers– Afternoon school program for neighboring
slum children
?
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Project Background
• Project started by former Princeton Professor Randy Wang
• Initially established at StudyHall Private School in Lucknow, India
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Capturing Pedagogy
• How do we distribute excellent teachers?– Typically centralized at private schools
• Build a database of excellent teachers– Deliver sequences of classes from the government curriculum
5th Std. Math
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Lesson Database
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Videos of live classes, by best teachers Of all subjects Of all grades In all languages
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Videoing Live Classes
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• Based on state government textbooks
• Carefully planned coherent sequences
Lessons based on state curriculum
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Recording of Live Lessons
• Highly interactive, with lots of:– Questions and answers– Role playing– ActivitiesJuly 4, 2008 48IUCEE: Social Impact
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Matching student background
• StudyHall morning sessions• StudyHall after school program for slum girls• Madantoosi (village) school (public)July 4, 2008 49IUCEE: Social Impact
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Mediation Based-Pedagogy
The teacher and the digital lesson form a teamThe teacher is the most important part
Digital lesson provides the framework Teacher engages the class, conducts activities
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Why being video-centric is key
Society: low literacy rate Content production: easiest to scale Effective in capturing pedagogy and showmanship of
great teachers
5th Std. Math
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A Network of Hubs and Spokes
• Networked centers of excellence
• “Radiating” content and methodology into neighboring slums and villages
• Content in local languages
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Key technologies
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Digital Video
Relatively cheap digital video cameras
PC Software for video editting
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Cheap replay devices
Televisions and DVD Players
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Content distribution by DVD
Central database of recorded lessons
Send selected lessons on DVD
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Digital Green (MSRI, Bangalore)
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Digital Study Hall for Agricultural Education
Compost PitRice planting for water conservation
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Digital Green Screening
Public square Village house
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Digital Green
Video Replay
Database of Agricultural content
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