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COMMUNICATIVE FUNCTION
It refers to the purpose the speaker or writer gives to aspecific discourse. The constituents of the discourse are
organized and sequenced following a specific rhetorical
structure, according to the communicative purpose we
have in mind when producing the discourse.
Conversation Description Definition
The most common are:
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Instruction
Procedure
Narration Argumentation
Classification Exposition
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Conversation is a type of communicative functionthrough which two participants take turns to expresstheir ideas, ask for information, respond others questionsmake comments, request, etc.
greeting
Turns in theconversation
closure
Rhetorical
Organization
Introduction
Conclusion
Development
Aspect commonly found inconversations
Incomplete sentences (I dont know where doyou know where my glasses are?Mispronunciations (I gotta go)
Slips of the tongue (dont brother sorry dontbother)
General or referential words (stuff, things, here,there,, etc.)
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Marco: hi Peter what happened to you?
Peter: hi Marco I got an injured playing football last week
Marco: oh manhow come?
Peter: I was playing forward and a player from the other team gave mea big kick It was terrible I mean, I almost cry the pain wasunbearableI had to leave the match that day the doctor says I cannot playfor three moths.
Marco: uff!... Too bad man hope you feel better
Peter: yeah hopefully
A bad dayTwo friends meet at a supermarket.. One of them is using
crutches
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Description is a type of textual sequenceused to express details about a specific topic
Physical D. Function or process D. Emotional D.
CLASSIFICATION
Physical descriptionof an object, animal,
person, etc.in terms of shape,weight, height,
Volume, texture, etc.
Description of differentdevices in terms of
the function of its partsand as a whole
Provides details ofpeople in
terms of theirpersonality: feelings,attitudes, preferences
Pp phrase, adv of place,N, Adj.
Modals, imperatives,Comparatives,
Causality, time &
order
N, Adj, Sense V.
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There are different hotels that offer the most amazing services aroundthe world. One of them is the well known The Ritz
With more than 200 bedrooms, this hotel is one of the fanciest placesin the whole Europe. Each room has been decorated with great style; their
comfort lies on the different services each one of them has: when you book aroom, you will have access to a living room which can be decorated according todifferent styles (Greek, Colonial, York, etc.), a small but well equiped kitchen, aking size bed and a balcony which leads you to the most amazing view to theGreen Park.
The staff is composed of more than 500 people who are willing to helpyou with any request. Some of the facilities this hotel offers to people whodecide visiting them are an Olympic size pool, which can be temperedaccording to the degrees you prefer; a spa, which offers facial treatments,chocolate showers and body massages, and more than 50 shops, where you canfind anything: clothing stores, drugstores, supermarkets, etc.
The Ritz
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Definition is a type of textual sequence used toprovide information of a specific terminology
Formal Definition Semi formal D. Non formal D.
Classification
Complete definitionIn terms of:
The term being definedClass to which it belongsDifferences between theterm being defined and
the other members ofthe same class
They provide lessInformation than aFormal definition.
They only contain two ofThe three elements F.D.
transmit
They do not providePrecise informationabout the term beingdefined. Referentialwords are used to
induce
previous knowledge
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There are different places where people can live,alone or with their family. Some of these places arehouses. A house is the building, the infrastructure wherepeople live. Some of us can live in big house, havingdifferent rooms such as the living room, the kitchen,
more than two bathrooms, a backyard, a garage andeven an attic.
Some of the advantages from living in houses are
that people can have more space since houses can bevery big. Their disadvantage relies on their price: thebigger the house is, the most expensive it becomes. Insuch cases, people can look for another alternative: theapartment. it is not so spacious as the house, but it canprovide the same facilities since it is composed of
bedrooms, bathrooms, kitchen and living room. In any
Places to live in
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ORIENTATION THE PROBLEM
THE CLIMAX THE CODA
Hatch (1992)
THE ACTIONS
Narrative texts are constructed to narrate actions andevents that happened in a sequential order
Time,settingplace,
characters
It introducesthe
situation
It explainsthe actions
the
characterspermorm
It explainsthe
resolutionof the story
It introducesthe
possiblemoral
at the end of
the story
Yesterdayafternoon,I was at homewhen
My brother came yellingHe was so angry I gotscared. My mom asked him what the problem wasand he said
After he spoke to us, he began felling very relaxed. He had let all the
problems to stress him thats not good.People should be aware of hesituation and how to deal with it. Its best to relax and think than toet stressed out and not think at all
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VERB TENSE
COMMON WORDS
Hatch (1992)
CONNECTIVESAND DISCOURSE
MARKERS
Narrative texts are constructed to narrate actions andevents that happened in a sequential order
Mostly inpast tense
Adjectives(to describe
thesituations)
Order: first,second, finally
Time: A long timeago,
Last year, lastweek
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Alyssa first met Josh at work. He was giving a talk at a meeting when
Alyssa walked in, twenty minutes late. He was a little annoyed at her lateness.However, after that first meeting, they started to work on projects together.
Alyssa says, we were a wonderful team. We respected and learnt fromeach other. When we had to stay late, we began having dinners together. We
became good friends . Soon we hated being apart. After a year, Josh proposed.Alyssa and Josh are celebrating their second anniversary next Monday.
Today, 46 percent of the workforce in the united states is female. Moreand more women are becoming top executives, both in the united States and
around the world. In many offices, men and women work side by side as equals.In many ways, the workplace is becoming a community whose members sharework projects and interests. And love grows naturally in places where peopleshare interests and work.
Alyssa and Josh are an example of why an office romance can be avery good thing. Their love and their interest in each other increased theirinterest in their work. Their romance ended u bein ood for the com an and
Love at the office
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INTRODUCTION
CONCLUSION
Hatch (1992)
THE ARGUMENTS
Argumentation is the action of weakening orsupporting a statement
It gives a briefidea about the
topic
They introduces thethesis to bedeveloped
It introduces thedifferentin favor or
against reasons
It sums up all thestatements.
Sometimes it makes clearthe authors positions about
the topic
Being healthy is something everybodydreams of
THE PREMISESExercising isone of the best ways to be healthy
because
It helps your body burn all the extra caloriesand it makes your muscles strength. Another
wayto keep healthy is by eating balanced foodbecause
So, if you want to reach this level inyour life,
you should consider seriously theseactivities
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COMMON WORDS
CONNECTIVES
Mostly inpresent tense
Adjectives(to describe
the arguments)Synonyms,
references,generalizations
Order: first, second, finallyComparative: like, as,
similarContrastive: but, otherwise,
unlike,on the other hand etc.
VERB TENSE
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If you consider life as a precious treasure, you would consider thefollowing information as important: passengers should refuse to ride any vehicledriven by someone who has been drinking. First and most important, such arefusal could save lives. The National Council on Alcoholism reports that drunkdriving causes 25,000 deaths and 50 percent of all traffic accidents each year.Not only the drivers but also the passengers who agree to travel with them areresponsible.
Second, riders might tell themselves that some people drive well evenafter a few drinks, but it is not true. Dr. Burton Belloc of the local Alcoholism Treatment Center explains that, even one drink can lengthen the reflex timeand weaken the judgment needed for driving. Other riders might feel foolish toruin a social occasion or inconvenience themselves or others by speaking up;but risking their lives is even more foolish.
Finally, by refusing to ride with a drinker, one passenger couldinfluence other passengers or the rider. Marie smith is an example. When threefriends who had been obviously drinking offered her a ride home from schoolrecently, she refused, despite the drivers teasing. Hearing Maries refusal, two
of her friends got out of the car.
Refusing Death
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Alyssa first met Josh at work. He was giving a talk at a meeting when
Alyssa walked in, twenty minutes late. He was a little annoyed at her lateness.However, after that first meeting, they started to work on projects together.
Alyssa says, we were a wonderful team. We respected and learnt fromeach other. When we had to stay late, we began having dinners together. We
became good friends . Soon we hated being apart. After a year, Josh proposed.Alyssa and Josh are celebrating their second anniversary next Monday.
Today, 46 percent of the workforce in the united states is female. Moreand more women are becoming top executives, both in the united States and
around the world. In many offices, men and women work side by side as equals.In many ways, the workplace is becoming a community whose members sharework projects and interests. And love grows naturally in places where peopleshare interests and work.
Alyssa and josh are an example of why an office romance can be avery good thing. Their love and their interest in each other increased theirinterest in their work. Their romance ended u bein ood for the com an and
Love at the office
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To instruct means to give a series of commands with someaccuracy in order to reach a goal
VERB TENSECONNECTIVES AND
DISCOURSE MARKERS
Imperativeand
impersonalstructures
Chronological andOrder:
first, second,finally
Good morning. Can you help me?
Yes
Im looking for a supermarket. Do you know where I can find one? Yes, first, walk straight ahead until Los Medanos Avenue and then turn left.
You will find one in there.
Great! And one more thing. Do you know where I can find a nice restaurant?I want to have a fancy dinner tonight.
Well, theres an expensive restaurant on Independence Avenue. When youfinish at the supermarket, go back to the corner of Los Medanos Av. andthen, turn right to Independence Av. Go ahead for 6 blocks. The restaurant is
A tourist, who is in El indio Manaure asks you to help him findsome places:
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1. Make sure you are in an area where the signal can be received. Open theflip and look for the signal symbol on the home screen
note: the more bars you see in the symbol, the clearer the reception will be.If there are no bars, try to move to where the reception is better: in some cases,this can be as simple as turning to face a different direction
2. Fully extend the antenna
3. Enter the phone number
4. Press the call button
Note: if your phone cannot locate a signal for 15 minutes, it changes topower-save mode. If you see the message power save mode and no signal on
the screen, press any key to return to normal operating mode and try your callagain
5. when you are done, close the flip or press the end button
Making a call
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Procedure sequence is used to express a series of steps orstages in a sequential order in order to describe and explain
the different steps (we do not give orders. We explain the process)
VERB TENSE
CONNECTIVES ANDDISCOURSE MARKERS
Mostly inpresent
Chronologicaland Order:first, second,
finally
VOICE SYSTEM
Passivevoice
The water cycle is the journey water takes as it circulates from the land to the sky
and back
again. First, the energy is provided by the Sun's heat in order to evaporate
water from the
Earth's surface. As this process begins, the water vapor eventually condenses,
forming tinydroplets in clouds. When the clouds meet cool air over land, precipitation is
The watercycle
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The basic idea of a clothes washer is simple: this machine is
composed of a drum that fills in with water. When clothe is inside, and
the machine is on, it starts to wash the clothe by adding some water
and putting it in soap suds for a while. This can be done thanks to the
drum has lots of small holes to let water in and out. After this first
cycle, more water fills in the drum, which begins to shake from side to
side. After the water rinses all the soap, the washing machine spins
very fast to remove the water afterward. This cycle is called The spin
cycle.
When the machine has rinsed all the water from the pieces, the
Washingmachine
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Classification is a type of textual sequence very related todefinition. With it, we can explain a specific topic
Complete C. Partial C. Implicit C.
Classification
It provides informationIn terms of:The members of a classThe class to which they
belongThe criteria for the
classification
Extensive details arenot provided.Some criteria are used.
Classification is madewithout any explicitWords; so, it must be
inferred
Consonants: voiced /voiceless
Voiced: vibration of V.C.
Voiceless: non vibration
Consonants can beclassified in:
Voiced or voiceless
Synonyms, antonymsand general words arelexical cohesive devices
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Individual paragraphs, the building blocks of essays,articles, chapters, and other longer papers may be classifiedin a variety of ways. At the essay level, paragraphs may besorted into functional groups such as introductory,developmental, transitional, summarizing and the like.Depending upon the purpose or intent of the writer,particular paragraphs may be thought of as aiming topersuade, inform, argue or entertain.
Paragraphs may also be classified according to such
techniques of development as comparison, contrast anddefinition. Another development device might also be theclassification paragraph, which organizes item or ideas to bediscussed into relatively homogeneous groups. Suchclassifications make it possible to talk about a large numberof paragraphs by grouping them into a small number of
classes
Classification of theparagraphs
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Exposition is a type of communicative functionwhich main goal is to inform and transmit basically new information
to the reader, in order to increase their knowledge in relation to sspecific topic
Expository text Unfamiliar,
new
topics
Modify thereadersstate of
knowledge
Introducti
on
Developm
ent
Conclusio
n
It presents abrief
descriptionof the topicsoon to beexplained
It representsthe body of
the textthrough
which thetopic isdefined,
explained,
exemplified,
It presents asummary to
emphasize themost important
aspects of the topicexplained in the
developmentsection
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COMMON WORDS
CONNECTIVES
Mostly inpresent tense Grammatical cohesion
(pronouns)Lexical C.: Synonyms,
references,generalizations
Cause and Result: because, as aconsequence, etc
Contrastive: but, otherwise, unlike,Additive: moreover, besides,
furthermorePunctuation marks: comma semi colon
VERB TENSE
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Perhaps the primary difficulty for most people can be
captured in terms of a distinction between acquisition and
learning. The term acquisition, when used of language,
refers to the gradual development of ability in a language
by using it naturally in communicative situations. The termlearning, however, applies to a conscious process of
accumulating knowledge of the vocabulary and grammar of
a language.Even in ideal acquisition situations, very few adults
seem to reach native-like proficiency in using a second
language sincethere are individuals who can achieve great
expertise in writing, but not in speaking. One example is
the author Joseph Conrad, whose novels have becomeclassics of English literature, but whose English speech is
reported to have retained the strong Polish accent of his
first language.
This, therefore, might suggest that some features of a
second language are easier to acquire than others.
Although it continues to be a matter of some debate, this
type of observation is sometimes taken as evidence that,
after puberty, it becomes very difficult to acquire another
language fully.
Against this view, it has been demonstrated that
students in their early teens are quicker and more
effective L2 learners than, for example, seven years old: It
may be that the acquisition of a L2 requires a combination
of factors.The optimum age may be during the years from ten to
sixteen, thanks to the flexibility of the language
acquisition on the language faculty has not been
completely lost; hence, the maturation of cognitive skills
allows a more effective working out of the regularfeatures of the L2 encountered
Teaching and Learning aL2
Is grammar,for
example,easier
to acquire thanphonology?
Is Mathematicslearned oracquired?
The termpubertyrefers tothebiologicalchangesthat occurduring
adolescence
What factorsdo you
consider areinvolved In L2acquisition?
L2
Acquisition
Learning