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SustainabilityEngineers in Society
VBB4043
Associate Professor Ir Dr Muhd Fadhil Nuruddin
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What is sustainability ???
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Sustainable developmentis a
pattern of resource use that aims to
meet human needs while preserving
the environment so that these needs
can be met not only in the present,
but also for future generations.
The definition..
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The Brundtland Commission convenedby the United Nations in 1983 to address
growing concern "about the acceleratingdeterioration of the human environmentand natural resources and theconsequences of that deterioration for
economic and social development."
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Since the 1980s, human sustainability
has implied the integration of
economic, social and environmentalspheres to: meet the needs of the
present without compromising the
ability of future generations to meet
their own needs.
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SD is an Oxymoron..
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Scientific evidence shows that
humanity is living unsustainably, and a
UN report states that returning human
use of natural resources to within
sustainable limits will require a major
collective effort.
A collective effort..
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Sustainable development does not
focus solely on environmental issues.
The United Nations 2005 World Summit
Outcome Document refers to the"interdependent and mutually
reinforcing pillars" of sustainable
development as economicdevelopment, social development, and
environmental protection.
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Definition of Sustainability
The ability to
continue a defined
behavior indefinitely
Meet the needs
of the present without
compromising the
ability of future
generations to meet
their own needs
Sustainability
Sustainable
practices
United Nations, 1987
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Objectives of Sustainable Development
Reduce poverty/
increased equity
Management of
natural resources
Increased efficiency
and growth
SD has 3main
objectives
Social ObjectiveEnvironmental Objective
Economic Objective
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Objectives of Sustainable Development
3 main
objective
ofSD
Economic Objective
(Increased efficiency and
growth)
Social Objective
(Reduce
poverty/increased
equity)
Environmental
Objective
(Management of
natural resources)
Income distribution
Employment
Targeted assistance
Environmental assessment
Valuation
Internationalism
Popular participation
Consultation
Pluralism
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A representation of sustainability showing
how both economy and society are
constrained by environmental limits (2003)
Scheme of sustainable development:
at the confluence of three constituent
parts (2006)
Concept ofSustainability Science
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The name of this scientific field reflects a desire to give the generalities
and broad-based approach of sustainability a stronger analytic and
scientific underpinning as it:
... br ings together scholarship and practice, global and localperspectives from north and south, and disciplines across the natural
and social sciences, engineering, and medicine it can be usefully
thought of as "neither basic nor applied research but as a field
defined by the problems it addresses rather than by the disciplines it
employs; it serves the need for advancingboth knowledge and action
bycreating a dynamicbridge between the two.
Sustainability science, like sustainability itself, derives some impetus
from the concepts of sustainable development and environmental
science.
Concept ofSustainability Science
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Sustainability Science Focus Areas
Sustainability Science areas enfold defined criteria and areas that
constitute indices for measurement.
Amongst the indices are:
Human Development Index
Environmental Performance Index (formerly known as ESI)
Genuine Progress Index
Happy Planet Index
Sustainability Index
Human Impact Index
Ecosystem Richness Indicator
Economic Pressure Indicator
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Three dimensions in the HDI
Life expectancy Knowledge and education
Standard of living
Human Development Index (HDI)
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World EPI Indicator 2010
Source: Environment
Performance Indicator
(EPI) 2010
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World EPI Ranking 2006
1. New Zealand 88.0
2. Sweden 87.8
3. Finland 87.0
. Czech Republic 86.0
5. United Kingdom 85.6
6. Austria 85.2
7. Denmark 84.2
8. Canada 84.0
9. Malaysia 83.3
10. Ireland 83.3
11. Portugal 82.9
12. France 82.5
13. Iceland 82.1
14. Japan 81.9
15. Costa Rica 81.6
16. Switzerland 81.4
17. Colombia 80.4
18. Norway 80.2
19. Greece 80.2
20. Australia 80.1
21. Italy 79.8
22. Germany 79.4
23. Spain 79.2
24. Taiwan 79.1
25. Slovakia 79.1
26. Chile 78.9
27. Netherlands 78.7
28. United States 78.5
29. Cyprus 78.4
30. Argentina 77.7
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SCORES AND RAW DATA (MALAYSIA)
Score
(% proximity to
target)
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
Air Pollution (effects on humans)
Environmental Burden of Disease 67.82
ECOSYSTEM VITALITY Fisheries 52.83
Trawling Intensity 5.66352
Climate Change 42.33
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Per Capita 41.9171
CO2 Emissions Per Electricity Generation 8.87401
Air Pollution (effects on ecosystem) 44.72
NitrogenOxides Emissions 44.9843 Ecosystem Ozone 35.2118
Sulfur Dioxide Emissions 51.8453
Non-Methane VolatileOrganic Compound Emissions 32.5925
Water Quality Index 54.6281
Marine Protection 29.6128
Malaysia EPI Indicator 2010 Area of Concern
Source: Environment
Performance Indicator
(EPI) 2010
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The genuine progress indicator (GPI) is an alternative metric system which is an
addition to the national system of accounts that has been suggested to replace, orsupplement, gross domestic product (GDP) as a metric of economic growth.
GPI is an attempt to measure whether a country's growth, increased production of
goods, and expanding services have actually resulted in the improvement of the
welfare (or well-being) of the people in the country.
GPI advocates claim that it can more reliably measure economic progress, as itdistinguishes between worthwhile growth and uneconomic growth.
The GPI will be zero if the financial costs of crime and pollution equal the financial
gains in production of goods and services, all other factors being constant.
1. Resource depletion
2. Crime
3. Ozone depletion
4. Family breakdown
5. Air, water, and noise pollution
6. Farmland
7. Wetlands
Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI)
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Core Concepts of Sustainability
Future Thinking:Intergenerational responsibility
Environmental Thinking:
Carrying capacity of the planetto absorb waste and support life
Social Justice:
Equity, Dignity, Basic services, Human rights,
Stakeholder voices
Economic:
responsibilities
1
2
3
4
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A view of community as three separate, unrelated parts: an economic
part, a social part and an environmental part. Traditional quality of life
indicators tend to measure these 3 parts separately
Traditional quality of life indicators
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A view of community as three concentric circles: the economy exists
within society, and both the economy and society exist within the
environment. Sustainability indicators attempt to measure the extent
to which these boundaries are respected
Sustainability quality of life indicators
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PLANET
Re-engineer
Reuse
Revert
Recycle
PEOPLE
Human rights
Social responsibility
Local community
Labor protections
PROFITS
Growth is both
essential and good
Defining economicvalue: eco-services
Challenge: Assimilating
profitability into
accreditation programs
and regulation
Sustainability Building Blocks
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Very Likely
that" hot
extreme heat
waves and
heavy rain fallwill become
more
frequently
5
Global Warming and Climate Changes
Temperature
increase of
2 - 6oC by
21001
Data source: (IPCC, AR4,2007)
Sea level
rise of
1-1.5m
by 2100
2
Snow cover
to shrink
with
increases inthaw depth
3
Increase in
hurricane and
tropical
cyclone
strength since1970 can be
attributed to
man made
global
warming4
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Indonesia
Hurricane & Floods (2005-2010)
USA
Hurricane KatrinaNew Orleans
2005
GCCKSA 12/12/2009
Oman 6/07/2010
UAE 06/2/2010
Pakistan
Pakistan floodsAugust 2010
Floods
Tsunami 2010
CHAD
Floods
02/06/2010
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New Orleans, USA, 2005
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New Orleans, USA, 2005
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Worldwide Rapid Urbanization
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Buildings Construction and Climate Changes
Heat gain
and Electricity
Consumptions
Concrete and
Cement
Produce CO2
Land uses
Modification
Construction
Wastes
1
2
3
4
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Malaysias Plan in Reducing
CO2 emissions
Malaysia is adopting an
indicator of a voluntary
reduction of up to 40 % interms of GHGs
emissions intensity by
the year 2020 comparedto 2005 levels.
(APEC, Energy Overview, 2010)
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Data source: (International Energy Agency,2010)
CO2 Emissions, Population & Electricity Use
Population/electicity/CO2 emission
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
USA
UK
German
y
Afric
a
Chin
a
India
Malays
ia
Singapo
re
Nigeria
Keney
a
Braz
il
UAE
Million/TW
h/
Population Electricity Consumption CO2 Emissions
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Is Energy generation from fossil
fuels sustainable ?
In 2004, Malaysia was ranked 24th
in terms of worlds oil reserves and
13th in natural gas.
Oil and gas reserves in Malaysia
amounted to 20.18 billion barrels
equivalent in 2007.
In the current production rate,
Malaysia will be able to produce oil
up to 18 years and gas for 35 years.
(Cha and OH,2010 )
Malaysia as a case study !
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Trend in CO2 emissions from fossil fuels
Most of the Observed
increase in globalaverage temperaturessince the mid-20th
century is very likelydue to observed increase
in anthropogenic GHGsconcentration.
IEA-2010IPCCAR4,2007
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CO2 emissions by sectors
CO2 emissions
The IEA projects a 1.7% peryear growth rate to 2030.
The U.S. EIA projects a2.0% per year rate in theabsence of additionalpolicies.
IEA suggests that emissionswill reach 40.4 GtCO2 in
2030, an increase of 14.3GtCO2 over the 2004 level.
(IPCC AR4,2007)
(IEA,2010)
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Chacaltaya Glacier, Bolivia (1940 - 2005)
By2005, the glacierhad separated into three distinct smallbodies
(IPCC AR4, 2007)
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Disappearance of lake Chad in Africa
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What are the main GHGs ?
1. Carbon Dioxide- CO2
2. Methane- CH43. Ozone- O3
4. Nitrous Oxide- N2O
5. Water Vapor- H2O
1 2
3
5
4Kyoto Protocol, 1998
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ElectricityGeneration from
fossil fuels
Household
appliances
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Global Warming Mitigation Action
Greening of the cities:
Parks & greenbelts
Urban villages Green buildings
Bio-remediation
Landscape restorationand rehabilitation
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Cement Replacing Materials
Cement Replacement Materials in
Construction Industry
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Fiber ReinforcementSteel Reinforced Concrete
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Wind Energy
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Photovoltaique Panels
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Hydroelectric Power Generation
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Save Electricity
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Recycling ofWaste Materials
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Sustainability
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Municipal
Economic
Security
Responsible
businesses,
Jobs, Tax base
Infrastructure
and Built
EnvironmentPublic transit,
Energy-efficient
buildings
Ecological IntegrityAir, Land, Water,
Biodiversity, Local
renewable energy,
Zero waste
Governance and
Empowerment
SocialW
ell-beingHealth care, Safety,
Education, Housing,
Culture
Responsible
Growth
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Corporate Sustainability
Economy - Profits
Growth, Jobs,Taxes
Products
Services
Environment - Planet
Eco-efficiencies
Eco-effectiveness
Equity - PeopleEmployees
Community / Culture
World
Sustainable
Development (SD)
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Smart Business
Asset
Management
Financial Capital
Built Capital
(Capital Growth)
Natural Capital
Human Capital
Social Capital
(Productive Society)Sustainable Value Creation
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Conclusion
Project site
Design
Construction
OperationMaintenance
Renovation
Deconstruction
ComfortDurability
Utility
Economy
Sustainability as a process should be considered at all phases
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Questions
Thank you