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HUMAN SEXUALITYDiversity in Contemporary AmericaFIFTH EDITION
Bryan Strong Christine DeVault Barbara W. Sayad William L. Yarber
C h a p t e r
McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
12Conception, Pregnancy, and Childbirth
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McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
2 A Matter of Choice• Parenthood is now a matter of choice
– Increasing numbers of individuals and couples are choosing to remain child-free
• The birth of a wanted child is generally considered joyful– Some emotional pain and controversy
for others• Drugs, disease, malnutrition, familial chaos• Infertility
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McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
3 Fertilization Process• Ovum released from ovary, drifts to
fallopian tube– Oocyte viable ~ 12 - 24 hours after ovulation– Sperm viable ~ 12 - 48 hours – May be fertilized there if live sperm are present– If pregnancy proceeds normally, birth 266 days
later• Capacitation: takes 6-8 hours
– biochemical changes in sperm cell; release enzymes that allows it to penetrate egg’s outer membranes
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McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
4 Fertilization Process• A single sperm is inside the oocyte
cytoplasm– An electrical reaction prevents any other sperm
from entering• Oocyte swells
– Detaches sperm that cling to outer layer• Sperm and ovum nuclei release
chromosomes– Chromosomes divide to form the diploid
zygote containing 23 pairs of chromosomes– Fertilization is now complete
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McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
5 Development of the Conceptus• Zygote undergoes cell divisions
– Becomes a blastocyst of ~100 cells after 4-5 days
– Blastocyst implants in uterine lining on 6th or 7th day
• Blastocyst becomes embryo after implantation in uterus
• Embryo is called a fetus after 8th week
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McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
6 Development of the Conceptus
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7 Pregnancy Tests• Test for human chorionic gonadotropin
(HCG)– A chemical secreted by the developing placenta
• Blood analysis• Home pregnancy tests• Early physical signs
– Changes in cervix occur about 4 weeks after a missed period
– Hegar’s sign• A softening of the uterus just above the cervix
– Labia change color, gaining purple hue
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8Changes That Occur During Pregnancy• Vary according to woman’s
personality, feelings, and circumstances– Changes in relationships– Physical and emotional changes during
each trimester• Three trimesters - each three months long• First trimester may include nausea,
vomiting, fatigue
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9 Complications of Pregnancy• Effects of teratogens
– Substances that cause defects in embryonic and fetal development• Toxins ingested by mother affect fetus
• Infectious diseases– German Measles (rubella)– Group B streptococcus
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10 Complications of Pregnancy• Sexually transmitted diseases
– Can be transmitted from pregnant woman to fetus, newborn, or infant• Chlamydia• Gonorrhea• Hepatitis B• HIV• Syphilis• Genital herpes
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11 Complications in Pregnancy• Some complications:
– Ectopic pregnancy– Pregnancy-induced hypertension– Premature births – Operative delivery (Caesarian Section)
• Women age 40+ are more likely to experience complications in pregnancy
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12Diagnosing Abnormalities of the Fetus• Ultrasound• Amniocentesis• Chorionic villus sampling (CVS)• Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) screening
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13 Ultrasound• High frequency sound waves
determine size & position of fetus• Sonogram - picture• Estimates fetal age, guides during
amniocentesis, checks for physical birth defects, evaluates complications during pregnancy
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14 Amniocentesis• Amniotic fluid is withdrawn with
needle inserted through abdominal wall
• Detects: fetal abnormalities; Down’s syndrome, Turner’s syndrome, cystic fibrosis, spina bifida, sex & age
• 0.5-2% chance of fetal death
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15Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS)• thin catheter inserted through
abdomen or cervix into uterus and some chorionic villi are sucked into tube
• Detects: fetal abnormalities• Performed ~ 9-11 weeks
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16 Alpha-fetoprotein Screening• Test run on mother’s blood• After 16 weeks of pregnancy• Detects: defects of spine, spinal
cord, skull & brain
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17 Infertility• Infertility:
• the inability to conceive a child after a year of unprotected intercourse or the inability to carry a child to term
• Causes for women:– Pelvic Inflammatory Disease, an infection
of the fallopian tubes or uterus• Usually the result of an STI
– Hormonal & psychological causes• Glands might not release hormones to stimulate
ovulation• Stress may contribute to lowered fertility• A woman might be allergic to her partner’s sperm
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18 Infertility:• Physical causes for women,
continued:– Environmental factors
• Toxic chemicals, exposure to radiation therapy
– Natural factors• Beginning around age 30, women’s fertility
naturally begins to decline• ¼ of women are infertile by age 35
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19 Infertility• Causes for men:
– Low sperm count– Sperm motility decrease– Misshapen sperm– Sperm duct blockage– Ejaculatory difficulties– Environmental factors– Natural factors
• Men’s fertility begins dwindling after age 27
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20 Enhancing Fertility• Some simple, non-medical
techniques– Examples:
• Man stops wearing tight underwear• Woman lies on her back for an hour after
coitus
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21 Medical Intervention• Treatment successful in at least 50% of
cases– Fertility medications– Surgery– Procedures
• Intrauterine insemination (IUI) • Assisted reproductive technology
– In vitro fertilization (IVF) • Micromanipulation technique• Third-party methods
– Includes egg donation, sperm donation, and surrogate motherhood
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22 Labor and Delivery• 3 stages• Stage 1:
– Effacement: thinning of cervix– Dilation: opening up of cervix– mucus plug is expelled– amniotic sac ruptures– contractions are regular & progressive
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23 Labor and Delivery• Stage 2
– Begins when baby’s head moves into birth canal
– Ends when baby is born• Stage 3
– Placenta is expelled
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24 Choices in Childbirth• Hospital birth• Cesarean section• Prepared childbirth• Birthing rooms & centers• Home birth• Midwifery• Breast-feeding