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Conflicts Over The Use Of Water: Examples From The
American West
By
Bradley T. Cullen
University of New Mexico
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Frontier Worldview
Settlers saw a hostile environment to be conquered and cleared as quickly as possible;
Settlers believed there would always be more!!!
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Beginnings of the Federal Role in Resource Conservation (1870-1916)
*1872 – Yellowstone National Park 1891 – Forest Reserve Act 1892 – Sierra Club founded 1901-1909 – Theodore Roosevelt President 1905 – U.S. Forest Service established 1912 – U.S. National Park Service created
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Gifford Pinchot
“The first great fact about conservation is that it stands for development. There has been a fundamental misconception that conservation means nothing but the husbanding of resources for future generations. There could be no more serious mistake…The first principle of conservation is the use of the natural resources now existing on this continent for the benefit of the people who live here now.”
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John Muir Everybody needs beauty as well as
bread, places to play in and pray in, where nature may heal and give strength to body and soul.
One may as well dam for water tanks the people's cathedrals and churches, for no holier temple has ever been consecrated by the heart of man.
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Water Problems
Not enough Not in the right place Too much
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Los Angeles Aqueduct
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Federal Water Projects
Carry-over storage reservoirs
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Water Law
Perpetual right to use water by capturing it and putting it to beneficial use
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Colorado River Aqueduct
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Shasta Dam
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Central Valley Project
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Oroville Dam
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California Water Project
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Central Valley Agriculture 1911
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Central Valley Agriculture Today
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Southern California
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Las Vegas
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Phoenix
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Silvery Minnow’s Decline
Water impoundment for agriculture Decreased and interrupted stream flow Canalization of the river
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Enforcement of ESA
1994 – Listed as endangered 1999 – Designation of critical habitat
(FWS) 1999 – Declared arbitrary and capricious 2001 – Issuance of Biological Opinion 2002 – Rio Grande Silvery Minnow vs. Key 2003 – Appeals Court upholds decision
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Judge Parker’s Ruling
“If the Court allows the Rio Grande to dry this year (2002) as proposed by the FWS and BOR, the federal agencies will have violated the ESA, and the Court will have failed in its Congressionally-mandated duty to afford injunctive relief to prevent further harm to the species.”
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Dissenting Opinion
The ESA, “like Frankenstein, despite the good intentions of its creator, has become a monster.”
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Water Restrictions
Spring & Summer Watering Restrictions– No sprinkler usage between 11:00
am and 7:00 pm
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State Water Law
Prior appropriation– ‘first in time, first in right’
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Water Banking System
Water rights can be sold Few mechanisms for selling surplus water
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Land-Use Policy and Water Law
Public utility law– Duty to service all customers in its service area– Service priced at the average rather than the
margin
Restrictions on water use