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Connective TissueFayez A. Elmabhouh
Department of Biology
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Introduction C.T. are the most abundant of all the body
tissues. Large amount of Intercellular substance
Consist of ground substance: Matrix and fibers. C.T. serve to connect other tissues together
and to skeleton. Form the blood and the skeleton. Support to the soft tissue.
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Introduction It also serve as framework, fill spaces, stores
fat, provide protection against infections and help to repair tissue damage.
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Classification of C.T.
According to the nature of the ground tissue:
1. C.T. Proper: has gelatinous ground substance.
2. Skeletal tissues: a solid ground substance
3. Vascular tissues: fluid ground substance.
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Connective tissue proper Having an abundant Intercellular substance Composed of 2 kinds of fibers lying in a jelly-
like matrix. They are found almost everywhere in the
body. C.T. proper divided into the following types:
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1 .Areolar C.T
Matrix colorless, gelatinous and full of space.
2 kinds of fibers: White fiber (collagenous):
strong, non-branched and run in thick, wavy, branched bundles.
Yellow fiber (elastic): thin, single, straight and branched to form a network.
Found in mesentery
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Matrix consist of several types of cell :
Fibrocytes Macrophage Plasma cell Mast cells Adipose cell Leukocytes or white cell
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2 .Fibrous C.T.
White fiber predominate. They run in thick parallel
bundle with C.T. cell in between which are strong and non-elastic.
Present in tendon which attach muscles to bones.
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3 .Elastic C.T.
The elastic fibers predominate.
Present in elastic structures as the ligament which connect bones together.
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4 .Adipose C.T.
Special type of areolar C.T. which is rich in fat or adipose cells filled with fat globules.
It is common underneath the skin and around certain organs
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5 .Mucous C.T.
This type characterized by having few stellate cells and few white fibers embedded in an extensive gelatinous matrix.
It is found in the umbilical cord of mammals.
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6 .Reticular C.T.
Contains a few short bundles of white fibers
Extensive ground substance formed of lymph and numerous lymphoid cells.
Such cells markedly branched, and the branches traverse each other forming a reticulum.
Spleen and bone marrow.
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Skeletal Tissues
These tissues form the internal skeleton. Support the body and to which the
muscles are attached. Two main types:
Cartilage. Bone.
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Cartilage
It is semi-solid translucent tissue. Softer than bone. Component cells: cartilage cell or chondroblast They are large and found within capsules
containing a fluid substance. Each capsule contains one, two or four
cartilage cells. Matrix known as chondrin.
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1 .Hyaline Cartilage
The matrix is clear and does not contain any fibers.
This type exists in the trachea and at the end of long bone.
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2 .Fibro-Cartilage
This type characterized by the presence of bundles of white fibers in the matrix.
Exists in the intervertebral discs.
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3 .Elastic Cartilage
This tissue elastic due to presence of elastic fibers in the matrix.
Exists in the ear pineal.
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Bone
Bone is a sort of C.T. which has a solid matrix (ossein).
This substance consists of large amount of calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate.
These salts constitute 70-80% of the tissue weight.
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Compact Bone
The bone cell “osteocytes” found inside lacuna and joined together by canaliculi.
Groups of osteocytes are arranged in concentric layers, each group surrounding a Haversian canal through which blood vessels and nerve fibers pass.
The solid matrix (thin bone lamellae)
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Vascular Tissue
These are fluid C.T. Include blood and lymph. Blood is a highly specialized type of C.T.
Red blood corpuscles (R.B.Cs or erythrocytes)
White blood cells (W.B.Cs or leukocytes)
Platelets.
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Erythrocytes
Round, biconcave and non-nucleated in man but many be nucleated on other animals.
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Leukocytes
Larger and fewer than erythrocytes and have nuclei of different form.
Classified into two types according to presence or absence of granules in their cytoplasm.
1. Granulocytes.
2. Agranulocytes.
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1. Granulocytes
Have numerous granules in their cytoplasm. Distinguished into three types according to
the staining affinity :
1. Eosinophils: Bilobed nuclei and granules stain with acidic dyes.
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2 .Basophils: have S shape nuclei and granules stain with basic dyes
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3. Neutrophils: have a lobed nucleus consisting of 3-5 parts connecting by thin strand chromatin
Cytoplasmic granules stain pinkish in neutral dyes.
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Agranulocytes
Two types:
1. Monocytes: Large and have kidney shaped nuclei.
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2. Lymphocytes: Small or large.
Have related large round nuclei which almost fill the whole cell.
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Blood Smear
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Blood Smear
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Blood Smear