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Consciousness Sleeping & Waking Awareness of Self (thoughts & feelings)
Automatic Processes –
* (Subconscious) Eating/driving
Controlled Processes – learning new activity
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What is our “Biological Clock”
Or… Circadian Rhythm 24-25 hour timeline (sleep/wake
cycle) Run by the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus
In the hypothalamus Responds to light changes Melatonin ***
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What are the Stages of Sleep? Alpha
Relaxed & drowsy, just prior to sleep Alpha waves
Non-REM Stages I – IV 80% of sleep time
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What are the NREM stages of sleep ?
Non-REM Stages I – Transition from wake to sleep II – Sleep Spindles III – waves begin to slow IV – (Deep Sleep) –
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Awake (Beta)
Drowsy (Alpha)
Stage 1 Sleep(Theta)
Stage 2 Sleep
Stage 3 &
Stage 4 Sleep(Delta)
REM Sleep(Beta)
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What occurs in REM ? REM Sleep
When dreaming occurs Similar to Beta Waves – ~ 20% of Sleep time 5 or 6 phases per night Muscle paralysis
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AwakeREMStage 1Stage 2Stage 3Stage 4
Hours
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
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What are some sleep interferents?
REM Behavior Disorder
REM Rebound –
Lack of Sleep
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What are some sleep interferents? Insomnia
Psychological –
Physiological –
Sleep Apnea Stop breathing during sleep
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What are some sleep interferents? Narcolepsy – Sleep attacks Night terrors – frightening
w/scream
Nightmares – anxiety related Sleepwalking – Stage 3 or 4
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Why do we sleep? Sleep switch –
Repair Theory
Adaptive Theory
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Why do we dream ? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9nmVzXxdUeU&playnext=1&list=PLBC1B0516BBFFD762&feature=results_main
Freud Censored info surfaces in dreams
Extensions of Waking Life Reflect issues of real life
Spirit World contact with other souls to reflect &
solve problems
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Why do we dream ? Activation-Synthesis Theory
Random, meaningless activity of neurons
Threat Simulation Thery Preparation for challenges we may face
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Altered States- Consciousness
Hypnosis Suceptibility – related to
expectations Stanford Hypnotic Scale
Hypnotic Induction
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How does hypnosis work? Altered State Theory
Different state of consciousness (~daydreams)
Socio-cognitive theorySocial influences/pressures affect responses
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What is hypnosis used for? Hypnotic Analgesia
Post-hypnotic Suggestion
Age Regression (“Journey of Souls”)
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What are the effects of Drug Use ? Psychoactive – affects consciousness and
level of awareness
Addiction Dependence Tolerance Withdrawal
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What are the Neural Effects of Drugs ?
Mimic Neurotransmitters Morphine/Heroin
Block Reuptake (removal) Cocaine, Prozac (SRIs)
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What are the different drug types ?
Stimulants Methamphetamine – Cocaine – Caffeine – Nicotine –
All result in physical addiction, emotional instability
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What are the different drug types ? Opiates – mimic
neurotransmitters Opium Morphine Heroin
Very addictive Methadone
Treatments
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What are the different drug types ?
Hallucinogens LSD – (“trip”) Mushrooms (Psilocybin**) – awake
dreams; Mescaline-(peyote); headaches/vomiting MDMA (Ecstasy) – intimacy crave
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What are the different drug types ?
Marijuana – mild hallucinogen THC – 10x as much today as in 70’s Mild euphoria; distorted/heightened
feelings Dangers – affects the hippocampus;
short-term memory – can lead to apathy
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What are the different drug types ?
Depressants Alcohol – depresses the central
nervous system .06 - .10 motor/cognitive
impairments Genetic risk – Environ. Risk –
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Why is alcohol a problem ? Depressants (cont’d)
Effects – Related to increases in aggression, rape, assault, manslaughter, car accidents, domestic violence
3rd leading health problem
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What can be done to reduce negative effects of drugs ? PREVENTION: DARE – with 5-6th grade students
INTERVENTION Cognitive Behavior Therapy – Motivational Programs – 12-Step Program (AA & NA) –