Universty of Duhok Science & Education - Akre English Department Phonetic The Consonants of English Produced by: Mosa H. Mosa Teacher: Saeed A. Attieh

The Consonants of

English

1- Friction Consonants

2- Stope Consonants

3- Nasal Consonants

4- Lateral Consonants

5- Gliding Consonants

Friction Consonants . There are nine consonants in friction they are: / f,v,ᦲ,ð,s,z,∫,Ʒ,h / .. We have voiceless & Voiced Suonds.Voiceless Voiced

It is strog It is weakIt is long It is short

It hasn’t Vibration It has Vibration

Voiceless & Voiced Suonds

In Friction Consonents

Voiceless Voiced/ f / / v // θ / / ð // s / / z // ∫ / / Ʒ //h/

/ f ,v / Suonds

* The soft plate is raised.

* The bottom lip is very close to the upper front teeth.

* The tongue is not directly concerned in making these sounds.

Notice* When /f/ and /v/ occur at the end of words, after a vawel, they have an effect on the length of the vowel. ( The strong consonant /f/ makes the vowel shorter, the weak consonant /v/ makes the vowel longer ). And for /θ,ð,s,z/

Some Example: life /laIf/ live /laIv/ calf /kɑ:f/ carve /kɑ:v/

/θ/, /ð/ Sounds

* The soft plate is raised so that all the breath is forced to go through the mouth.

* The tip of the tangue is close to the upper front teeth.

Notice* Between vowels /ð/ is voiced, but in initial it will be fully voiced.

Example:

Between vowels: worthy /wз:ðI/ VoicedIn Initially: that /ðæt/ Fully Voiced

/s/,/z/ Sounds* The soft plate is raised so that all the breath is forced to go through the mouth.

* The tip and blade of the tangue are very close to the alveolar ridge.

* The friction for these sounds, especially for /s/, is much greater than for /f,v,θ/ and /ð/.

Notice* /s/ and /z/ sounds is noisy, /θ/and /ð/ is less noisy.

Example: south /saʊθ/ this /ðIs/ these / ði:z/ those /ðǝʊz/

The difference

between /θ,ð/ and /s,z/ in produce

/ʃ/ , /Ʒ/ Sounds

* The soft plate is raised so that all the breath is forced to go through the mouth.

* There is a narrowing between the tip of the tangue and the back of the alveolar ridge.

* The lips are very slightly rounded.

* The front of the tangue is higher than for /s/,/z/

Notice* /Ʒ/ doesn’t occur at the beginning of English words, But /ʃ / quite frequently does.

Example:

she /ʃi:/ show /ʃǝʊ/ short /ʃͻ:t/ shut /ʃʌt/

/h/ Sound

- In production, /h/ is like vowels. Such as ( hot,hat,hit )

- In distribution, /h/is a consonants . Such as ( sat,hat )

- we don’t use speech organs for /h/ sound.

Stope Consonants

. There are eight consonants in stope consonants, they are : /p,b/ , /t,d/ , /k,g/ and /ʧ,ʤ/ .

- Between thes sounds we have Voiceless and voiced sounds .

* /p,t,k/sounds they have explosion .

Voiceless voiced /p/ /b//t/ /d//k/ /g//ʧ/ /ʤ/

/p/ , /b/ Sounds

Notice* When /p/ occur in initially and if we have vowel after /p/, It will be aspiration But if /p/ occurs between vowels the aspiration may be less noticeable or even absent, And for /t,k/ is same.

Aspiration: short period after the explosion of/p,t,k/ when air leaves the mouth without voice. Example: - In initially: pool /u:l/ - Between vowels: happy /hæpI/

/t/ , /d/ Sounds

Notice* When /t/ occur in initially and if we have vowel after /t/, It will be aspiration But if /t/ occurs between vowels the aspiration may be weaker or even absent.

Example:

- In initially: ton /ʌn/ - Between vowels: putting /pʊtIŋ/

/k/ , /g/ Sounds * The back of the tangue is in firm contact with the soft palate, and the soft palate is raised, so that the breath is trapped for a short time.

Notice* When /k/ occur in initially and if we have vowel after /k/, It will be aspiration But if /k/ occurs between vowels the aspiration may be weaker or even absent.

Example:

- In initially: cool /u:l/ - Between vowels: lacking /lækIŋ/

/ʧ/ , /ʤ/ Sounds

Notices about stope consonants

/p/ is aspirated and shortens the vowel before it, whilst /b/ is particularly weak and only very little noise, but lenghens the vowel before it. Example: cap /kæp/ cab /kæb//t/ is aspirated and shortens the vowel before it, whilst /d/ is particularly weak and only very little noise, but lenghens the vowel before it. Example: heart /hɑ:t/ hard /hɑ:d//k/ is aspirated and shortens the vowel before it, but /g/ is very gentle weak lenghens the vowel before it. Example: back /bæk/ bag /bæg//ʧ/ is strong and voiceless, and it shortens the vowel before it, but /ʤ/ is very weak and short, and it lenghens the vowel before it. Example: rich /rIʧ/ ridge /rIʤ/

the difference between

friction and stope consonants

Friction consonants

Stope consonants

In friction consonants the air continues following to the outside .

In stope consonants the air is stopped at some point in the mouth .

Nasal Consonants

. There are three consonants in nasal consonants they are : /m,n,ŋ/

- /m,n,ŋ/ all of them is voiced.

* /n/ sound It has syllabic. Example: person /pз:sṇ/

/m/,/n/,/ŋ/

Lateral Consonants. There are one consonants it is : / l/

* The air passes through the sides of the tangue.

* The soft palate is raised.

* The sound is voiced.

Notice* We have two difference pronunciation for /l/ sound in Received pronunciation ( B.B.C ) .

/l/ sound

ClearDark

/l/ Sound

1- Dark:

* /l/ + Consonants = Dark e.g : milk /mIlk/* /l/ in finally is dark e.g : full /fʊl/

2- Clear:

* /l/ + Vowel = Clear e.g : leaf /li:f/

Gliding Consonants. There are three consonants it is : /j,w,r/ and they are voiced .

* In production /j,w,r/ is semi vowel.

Exampel: Yes /jes/

* /j/ doesn’t come finally

/jes/

/j/= short/I//j/= longe /i:/

Notice * /r/ sound in Received pronunciation ( B.B.C ) , it is produced only befory vowels. Exampel: marry /mærI/ , raw /rͻ:/

* In finally it is produced, if we have after /r/

word and the first letter of the word is vowel, if we haven’t vowel isn’t produced.Exampel: better of /betǝr ɒf/ letter /betǝ/

* /r/ after /p,t,k/ it will be voiceless.Exampel: pray /preɪ/

The End

Produced by

Mosa Hussein Mosa

Sources: Internet & Better English Pronunciation

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Thanks