CONTAINERISATION
1 Prof. Ashok Advani - Jaipuria Institute of Management, Noida
Definition
Containerization
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Prof. Ashok Advani - Jaipuria Institute of Management, Noida
Containerization - Definition
A container is a single, rigidly sealed, reusable metal box in which merchandise is shipped by vessel, truck
or rail.
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Prof. Ashok Advani - Jaipuria Institute of Management, Noida
Freight Container
Containerization
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Prof. Ashok Advani - Jaipuria Institute of Management, Noida
Containerization – Freight Container
• A freight container is an article of transport equipment with the following characteristics:
• Strong for repeated use
• Designed to facilitate carriage of goods by one or more modes of transport, without intermediate re-loading
• Fitted with devices for ready handling [transfer from one mode of transport to another]
• Designed for easy filling and emptying
• Has an internal volume of at least 1 cu. Meter [35.3 cu.ft.] or more
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Prof. Ashok Advani - Jaipuria Institute of Management, Noida
History
Containerization
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Prof. Ashok Advani - Jaipuria Institute of Management, Noida
History of Containerisation
Before 1956 cargo was loaded and unloaded to and from the hold of the ship using cranes and slings. This required costly manpower, was time consuming and sometimes resulted in damaged or lost cargo.
Malcom Purcell McLean may be considered the father of containerisation. In 1956, McLean developed the metal shipping container, which replaced the traditional break bulk method of handling dry goods and revolutionized the transport of goods and cargo worldwide. He later founded Sea-Land Service, Inc., one of the pioneers in the intermodal cargo transport business. McLean was named "Man of the Century" by the International Maritime Hall of Fame.
Prof. Ashok Advani - Jaipuria Institute of Management, Noida 7
Prof. Ashok Advani - Jaipuria Institute of Management, Noida 8
History of Containerisation
80’s-90’s
• Few carriers, focused trades
• Regional players
• Smaller ships 2000 teu – 4000 teu
• Not service sensitive
• Hub and spoke model
• Transpacific, transatlantic trade dominant
• Average growth of 8.5% Y-o-Y
2000-2011
• Commoditization of container shipping
• Globalization of networks
• More direct products, fewer hubs
• Rate wars, with escalating oil prices
• Large tonnage -8000 TEU ships
• Service reliability
• Slow Steaming
• Rationalization of services
• Laying up of ships
• Far East, India focus
• Average growth of 6.6% Y-o-Y
2012 +
• Larger tonnage – 13000 TEU ships
• Expansion of the Panama canal by 2014 (revolutionize world trade further)
• Aggressive competition, plummeting rates,
• Laying up of ships
• Survival of fittest, with deep pockets
• Few causalities
• Higher demands from trade on reliability, frequency
• Consolidation of service, shipping lines
• South America and Africa focus
Prof. Ashok Advani - Jaipuria Institute of Management, Noida 9
Container Vessel Evolution
Prof. Ashok Advani - Jaipuria Institute of Management, Noida
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Prof. Ashok Advani - Jaipuria Institute of Management, Noida
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Containerization
• Malcolm Mclean – “Father of Containerisation”
• Conceived the idea of using the entire truck trailer to load onto & off the ship
• In 1956 Malcolm adopted a ship for carrying containers
• Established the multimodal transportation company called “Sea Land Inc.”
• 1961 – Regular container services commenced
[New York – Los Angeles – San Francisco]
• 1966 – Transatlantic container service commenced
[America – Europe – capacity 1000-1500 TEU’s – 20-30 knots]
• 1970’s – Panamax ships
[L - 289.5 Meters, Beam – 32.3 Meters, Capacity – 1500-3000 TEU’s]
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Prof. Ashok Advani - Jaipuria Institute of Management, Noida
Containerization
• 1970’s – cellular container vessels
• 1980’s – Panamax ships – 4000 TEU’s
• 1990’s – Post Panamax ships – 4400 TEU’s
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Prof. Ashok Advani - Jaipuria Institute of Management, Noida
Development
Containerization
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Prof. Ashok Advani - Jaipuria Institute of Management, Noida
Containerization - Development
• Increasing drafts to 52 feet
• Vessel sizes - 8000 TEU’s
• Increase in container berths
• Installing suitable material handling equipment
• State-of-the art technology
• 2001 – 200 million TEU’s worldwide
• 2012 – 500 million TEU’s worldwide
Singapore – 307,27,702
Hong Kong – 244,04,000
USA – 429,02,041
UAE - 167,80,386
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Prof. Ashok Advani - Jaipuria Institute of Management, Noida
Containerization – Traffic Handled
Container Handling – Major World Ports
Rank Port, Country Volume 2012 (Million TEUs)
Volume 2011 (Million TEUS)
1 Shanghai, China 32.53 31.74
2 Singapore,Singapore 31.65 29.94
3 Hong Kong, China 23.10 24.38
4 Shenzhen, China 22.94 22.57
5 Busan, South Korea 17.04 16.18
6 Ningbo-Zhoushan,
China 16.83 14.72
7 Guangzhou Harbor,
China 14.74 14.42
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Prof. Ashok Advani - Jaipuria Institute of Management, Noida
Containerization – Traffic Handled
Container Handling – Major World Ports
Rank Port, Country Volume 2012 (Million TEUs)
Volume 2011 (Million TEUS)
8 Qingdao, China 14.50 13.02
9 Jebel Ali, Dubai,
United Arab Emirates 13.30 13.00
10 Tianjin, China 12.30 11.59
11 Rotterdam, Netherlands
11.87 11.88
14 Hamburg, Germany 8.86 9.01
15 Antwerp, Belguim 8.64 8.66
33 Jawaharlal Nehru,
India 4.26 4.32
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Prof. Ashok Advani - Jaipuria Institute of Management, Noida
Containerization – Traffic Handled
TRAFFIC HANDLED AT MAJOR PORTS (LAST 7 YEARS)
2005-06 TO 2011-12
Mill. Tonnes
PORT 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12
KOLKATA 10.80 12.60 13.74 12.43 13.05 12.54 12.23
HALDIA 42.33 42.46 43.59 41.79 33.38 35.01 31.01
PARADIP 33.11 38.52 42.44 46.41 57.01 56.03 54.25
VIZAG 55.80 56.39 64.60 63.91 65.50 68.04 67.42
ENNORE 9.17 10.71 11.56 11.50 10.70 11.01 14.96
CHENNAI 47.25 53.41 57.15 57.49 61.06 61.46 55.71
TUTICORIN 17.14 18.00 21.48 22.01 23.79 25.72 28.11
COCHIN 13.89 15.26 15.81 15.23 17.43 17.87 20.09
NMPT 34.45 32.04 36.02 36.69 35.53 31.55 32.94
MORMUGOA 31.69 34.24 35.13 41.68 48.85 50.02 39.00
MUMBAI 44.19 52.36 57.04 51.88 54.54 54.58 56.18
JNPT 37.83 44.82 55.84 57.29 60.76 64.31 65.75
KANDLA 45.91 52.98 64.92 72.23 79.50 81.88 82.50
TOTAL 423.56 463.78 519.31 530.53 561.09 570.03 560.15
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Prof. Ashok Advani - Jaipuria Institute of Management, Noida
Containerization - Development
Toyota & Honda use containerization to develop just-in-time manufacturing. They manufacture the goods only as the customer needs them and then ship them in containers to reach the buyer at a specified time
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Prof. Ashok Advani - Jaipuria Institute of Management, Noida
Containerization
What is Unitization ?
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Prof. Ashok Advani - Jaipuria Institute of Management, Noida
Containerization - Unitization
Unitization is combining small units of load into a single large unit, by strapping or binding them
together
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Prof. Ashok Advani - Jaipuria Institute of Management, Noida
Containerization - Unitization
Methods of Unitization
• Pallet
• Platform
• Wooden boxes or bags strapped to the pallet
• Handled by a hand truck or twin forks of forklift truck
• Containerization – most advanced form of unitization
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Prof. Ashok Advani - Jaipuria Institute of Management, Noida
Containerization - Unitization
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Prof. Ashok Advani - Jaipuria Institute of Management, Noida
Containerization - Sizes
• 20, 40 and 45 feet long
• Load carrying capacity of a ship measured in terms of TEU’s it can carry
• A TEU represents a 20-feet equivalent unit of a container
• A FEU represents a 40-feet equivalent unit of a container
[1x40’ = 2x20’]
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Prof. Ashok Advani - Jaipuria Institute of Management, Noida
Containerization - Types
Dry Storage Container – 20’, 40’ GP & 40’ HC
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Prof. Ashok Advani - Jaipuria Institute of Management, Noida
Containerization - Types
Flat Rack Container – 40’
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Prof. Ashok Advani - Jaipuria Institute of Management, Noida
Containerization - Types
Open Top Container – 20’ & 40’
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Prof. Ashok Advani - Jaipuria Institute of Management, Noida
Containerization - Types
Reefer Container – 20’ & 40’
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Prof. Ashok Advani - Jaipuria Institute of Management, Noida
Containerization - Types
Insulated or Thermal Container – 20’ & 40’
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Prof. Ashok Advani - Jaipuria Institute of Management, Noida
Containerization - Types
Tank Container
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Prof. Ashok Advani - Jaipuria Institute of Management, Noida
Containerization - Types
Car Carrier
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Prof. Ashok Advani - Jaipuria Institute of Management, Noida
Containerization - Types
Special Purpose Container
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Prof. Ashok Advani - Jaipuria Institute of Management, Noida
Containerization - Types
Swap Bodies
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Prof. Ashok Advani - Jaipuria Institute of Management, Noida
Containerization - Types
Half Height Containers
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Prof. Ashok Advani - Jaipuria Institute of Management, Noida
Containerization - Dimensions
Standard External Container Dimensions
20’ 40’
Container Length
20’ 40’
Container Width
8’ 8’
Container Height
Standard 8’6” 8’6”
High Cube 9’6” 9’6”
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Prof. Ashok Advani - Jaipuria Institute of Management, Noida
Containerization - Dimensions
Standard Internal Container Dimensions
20’ 40’
Inner Length 19’3” 39’4”
Inner Width 7’7” 7’7”
Inner Height
Standard 7’9” 7’9”
High Cube 8’9” 8’9”
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Prof. Ashok Advani - Jaipuria Institute of Management, Noida
Containerization - Dimensions
Standard Container Cubic Capacity
20’ 40’
Cubic Capacity
Standard 1160 cu. ft. 2360 cu. ft.
High Cube 1310 cu. ft. 2660 cu. ft.
Tare Weight 2.5 M.T. 4.5 M.T.
Gross Payload 24 – 30 M.T. 30 M.T.
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Prof. Ashok Advani - Jaipuria Institute of Management, Noida
Containerization - Benefits
• Shipper
• Ship Owners
• Port Authorities
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Prof. Ashok Advani - Jaipuria Institute of Management, Noida
Containerization – Benefits - Shipper
Reduction in Transportation Costs
• Containerized cargo economical than break-bulk cargo
• Attractive rates from S/Lines – Cost saving benefits to customers
• Global contracts – Multinationals use global volumes for price discounts
• Walmart
• Ikea
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Prof. Ashok Advani - Jaipuria Institute of Management, Noida
Containerization – Benefits - Shipper
Saving in Port Charges
• Containerized cargo economical to handle
• Economical as compared to break-bulk cargo
• Ease & speed of handling by overhead cranes & forklift trucks
Reduction in Warehousing & Inventory Costs
• Reduced time in warehouses
• Reduced time in transit
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Prof. Ashok Advani - Jaipuria Institute of Management, Noida
Containerization – Benefits - Shipper
Reduction in Packing Costs
• Container provides protective metallic cover to cargo
• Protects cargo from
• Pilferage
• Damage from water, oil etc
• Damage due handling
• Expensive packing material not required
Reduction in Insurance Premium
• Better protection given by containers
• Lesser chances of damage, pilferage, theft etc
• Lower insurance premiums passed on to customers – increases competitiveness
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Prof. Ashok Advani - Jaipuria Institute of Management, Noida
Containerization – Benefits - Shipper
Greater Convenience
• MTO assumes responsibility
• Risk coverage
• Better co-ordination
• Door to door delivery
Emergence of New Markets
• Cheaper Ocean Freights
• Reduction in transaction costs due EDI
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Prof. Ashok Advani - Jaipuria Institute of Management, Noida
Containerization - Benefits
Benefits to Ship Owners – S/Lines
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Prof. Ashok Advani - Jaipuria Institute of Management, Noida
Containerization – Benefits – Ship Owners
Reduction in Turn Around Time
• Faster handling
• Dedicated container terminals
• Lesser time in ports
• Saving in port charges
Increased Cargo Carrying Capacity
• Carrying more tonnage
• Higher operating speeds – faster round voyage time
• Reduced idle time in ports
• General cargo ships – 50% of voyage time in ports
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Prof. Ashok Advani - Jaipuria Institute of Management, Noida
Containerization – Benefits – Ship Owners
Global Contracts [Ship Owners/S. Lines – Shippers]
• S/Lines secure base cargoes
• Guaranteed large volumes
• Profitable voyages
• MNC’s – Global Contracts
• Proctor & Gamble
• General Motors
• Nestle
• Samsung
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Prof. Ashok Advani - Jaipuria Institute of Management, Noida
Containerization – Benefits – Ship Owners
Higher Profitability
• Cost modern container ship – exceeds USD 75 million
• High operating cost of container vessel – USD 50,000 per day
• Standing cost in port – USD 5,000-6,000 per day
Inland Operations
• Manufacturing bases moved to hinterlands
• Proximity of activities to manufacturing bases
• Undertaking movement of containers to inland locations
• Adds to revenue
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Prof. Ashok Advani - Jaipuria Institute of Management, Noida
Containerization - Benefits
Benefits to Port Authorities
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Prof. Ashok Advani - Jaipuria Institute of Management, Noida
Containerization – Benefits – Port Authorities
Reduced Port Congestion
• Faster unloading & handling of containers
• Faster “Turn around Time”
• Ports recognized as a major revenue source
• Infrastructure development
Time Saving
• Unique Serial Number
• Easy identification in container yards [EDI]
• Faster movement
• Vessel Load Plans [EDI]
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Prof. Ashok Advani - Jaipuria Institute of Management, Noida
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Prof. Ashok Advani - Jaipuria Institute of Management, Noida