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Contents
• Boolean Logic
• Truncation
• Phrase Searching
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theTHEORY
• Boolean logic allows users to combine search terms.
• Boolean logic allows users to both expand or limit their search.
Boolean Logic
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• This is achieved by using Boolean operators AND, OR and NOT (always in caps), to link the search terms in searches.
• Boolean logic is used in many computer applications including search engines, web directories, databases and some CD ROMS.
Boolean Logicthe
THEORY
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• An example will explain how the operators (or link words) work to limit or expand your search.
• The question for this search is:
How are students affected by computers?
Boolean LogictheTHEORY
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• First it is necessary to isolate the major words from the question to use as search terms.
• These terms are referred to as keywords.
E.g. The keywords from this example are STUDENTS and COMPUTERS.
Boolean LogictheTHEORY
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• The first operator (or link word) to investigate is OR.
• How will it affect the search on students and computers?
• Will the search expand or will OR limit the search?
theTHEORY
Boolean Logic
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When you use the OR operator in“students OR computers”
the documents retrieved have either of the keywords in them.
UsingOR
ORhighest
retrieval
students & computers
Boolean Logic
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• The second operator (or link word) to investigate is NOT.
• How will it affect the search on STUDENTS and COMPUTERS?
UsingNOT
Boolean Logic
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When you use the NOT operator in“students NOT computers”
the items retrieved refer to students only.
UsingNOT
students
NOTPages contain
one but notthe other term
Boolean Logic
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• The third operator (or link word) to investigate is AND.
• How will it affect the search onSTUDENTS and COMPUTERS?
UsingAND
Boolean Logic
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When you use the AND operator in“students AND computers”
only items containing references to both students and computers are retrieved.
UsingAND
students & computers
ANDnarrows the
search
Boolean Logic
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• Some search engines have additional boxes or links which allow you to further narrow the results of your search.
• Google has a search within results link at the bottom of their results page.
E.g. - search students AND computers- click on search within results
- type in effects and press enter
Try this: http://www.google.com/
Boolean LogicGOOGLETIP
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• Some search engines and databases require users to click on Advanced Search to use Boolean searching.
• Individual engines and directories use different Boolean operators.
• The examples of how different engines use Boolean logic will explain this further.
SearchHINTS
Boolean Logic
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• the + (plus) symbol is used instead of AND. Place immediately before all terms to be included in the search. E.g. +animals +endangered
• the - (minus) symbol is used instead of NOT. Place immediately before all terms to be excluded. E.g. +animals –mammals
• the OR is not available.
Boolean Logic – Basic SearchUsing
DirectHit
Try it : http://www.directhit.com/
With Boolean searching on DirectHit:
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• the AND is implied. Type in all terms to be included in the search. E.g. animals endangered
• the - (minus) symbol is used instead of NOT. Place immediately before all terms to be excluded. E.g. animals –mammals
• the OR operator (in capitals) is placed between terms.
E.g. astronomy OR planets
Boolean Logic – Basic SearchUsing
Try it : http://www.google.com/
With Boolean searching on Google:
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• + (plus) is used instead of AND. Place immediately before all terms to be included in the search.
E.g. +animals +endangered
• - (minus) is used instead of NOT. Place immediately before all terms to be excluded.
E.g. +animals –mammals
• () (parentheses) are used instead of OR. Place all terms in parentheses.
E.g. (astronomy planets)
Boolean Logic – Basic SearchUsing
AllTheWeb
Try it : http://www.alltheweb.com/
With Boolean searching on AllTheWeb:
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• Truncation is a tool which can broaden a search.
• Users enter part of a word in order to ensure retrieval of all documents containing variations of the word.
• Not all search engines allow truncation.• Try the next example using Yahoo.
TruncationSearchHINTS
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Tool to broaden searches:
1.Right hand truncation with*•Type sight*•You will retrieve documents with sights, sightseeing, sighted etc.
UsingYAHOO
Try it : http://www.yahoo.com/
Truncation
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2. Internal “wild-card” truncation with *
• Type colo*r
• You will retrieve documents containing both colour and color.
UsingIXQUICK
Try it : http://www.ixquick.com/
Truncation
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• Phrase searching offers another tool which will contribute to a successful search on the Internet.
• Try the following examples:
Phrase SearchingSEARCHHINTS
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• Enclose terms to be searched as a phrase in quotes
“The Gettysburg Address”
“The Battle of Trenton”
• The phrase will be retrieved exactly as keyed in.
Try it: http://www.google.com/
Phrase SearchingUsingGOOGLE
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Works Cited
Henninger, M. Don’t Just Surf. Effective Research Strategies for the Net. Sydney: U of New South Wales, 1999.
Barlow, Linda. “How Search Engines Work.” The Spider’s Apprentice: A Helpful Guide to Web Search Engines.” 22 Sept. 2001. Monash Information Services. 4 Oct. 2001 <http://www. monash.com/spidap4.html>.
Tyner, Ross. “Internet Search Tools and Techniques.” Electronic Information Literacy: Library and Internet Research. 25 Aug. 2000. Okanagan U Coll. 4 Oct. 2001 <http://www.ouc.bc.ca/ library/eil/research/internet3.html>.
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