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Control and Seed Biology of Chinese Tallow Tree
Candice Prince, Greg MacDonald, Heather VanHeuveln, Leah Aidif
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Chinese Tallow Tree (Triadica sebifera)
• Tallow tree, popcorn tree
•Native to Eastern Asia
• Introduced to U.S. in late 1700’s
Chris Evans, Bugwood.org
Cheryl McCormick, Bugwood.org
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Uses for Chinese Tallow Tree
•Seed oil used for soap manufacture
•Ornamental:•Attractive fall color• Fast growth•Resist pests
Chris Evans, Bugwood.org
Cheryl McCormick, Bugwood.org
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PLANTS Database, USDA, NRCS (2019) Atlas of Florida Plants 2019
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Distribution
• Wetlands and uplands• Floodplain and riparian forests, coastal
prairies, mixed woodlands
• Disturbed sites (roadsides, urban areas, etc.) and landscapes
• Full sun to shady conditions
Charles T. Bryson, Bugwood.org
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Impacts
• FLEPPC Category I
• Florida Noxious Weed List
• Spreads into undisturbed sites
• Displaces native species
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Identification
• Small tree (20-50 feet tall)
• Branches freely• Multiple shoots when
cut or damaged
• Deciduous
• Fissured bark
Chris Evans, Bugwood.org
Chris Evans, Bugwood.org
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Identification
• Leaves:• Alternately arranged• Acuminate tips, rounded leaf
bases, entire margins
•Milky sap when leavesare removed
James H. Miller, Bugwood.org
Cheryl McCormick, Bugwood.org
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Identification• Flowers: small and yellow, on spikes (8 inches)
• March – May
• Fruit set: begins in July, ripening occurs through November
John M. Randall, Bugwood.org
Chris Evans, Bugwood.org
David DuByne, Oil Seed Crops
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Identification• Fruit: 3-lobed capsule (1/2 inch wide)
• Turn brown, split open 3 seeds coated with white tallow aril
John M. Randall, Bugwood.org
Chris Evans, Bugwood.org
David DuByne, Oil Seed Crops
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Seeds
• Trees produce seeds within 3-8 years
• Large trees may produce over 100,000 seeds per year
Chris Evans, Bugwood.org
David DuByne, Oil Seed Crops
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Seeds
• Seeds are dispersed by water, birds
•White aril increases buoyancy
Chris Evans, Bugwood.org
David DuByne, Oil Seed Crops
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Germination Studies
• Studies on seed biology (2014-2016)• Effect of aril presence, storage on germination• Emergence timing and seedbank longevity
• Seeds collected from Paynes Prairie Preserve State Park• 4 harvest times (every 2 weeks), starting in late October
after capsule split
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Effect of Aril Presence
• Seeds were soaked in water for 48 hours, and the aril was either removed or left intact
•Non-soaked seeds with intact aril included as control
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Effect of Aril Presence
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
H1 H2 H3 H4
Tota
l Ger
min
ated
See
d
Harvest Time
Control Intact Removed
**
**
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Effect of Aril Presence
•Removal of aril increases germination• Possible barrier to water and/or gases• Increased with later harvest time
•Possible interaction with black mold (Pullularia spp.)?• Grows and feeds on aril
H1 H2 H3 H4
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Effect of Storage
•Germination of fresh seed compared to seed stored for 6 months (5 C, 20 C)
•No effects of harvest time or storage temperature
• Storage decreased germination compared to fresh seed• Non-germinated seed still viable (possible dormancy?)
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Seed Fill
• X-ray imaging used to evaluate seed fill
100% FILLED 0% EMPTY
<100% PREDATION
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Seed Fill
• X-ray imaging used to evaluate seed fill
• 27% of sample seed were compromised:• Lack of embryo development• Predation
• In total, about 50% of seeds produced by a tree are either empty or non-viable
27%
73%
compromised filled
2015 Seed Fill Characteristics of Triadica sebifera
at Paynes Prairie Gainesville, FL
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Emergence Timing and Seedbank Longevity
• Exclusion frames placed under trees • Paynes Prairie Preserve State Park
• Seedling emergence monitored every month for 3 years
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Emergence Timing and Seedbank Longevity
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
March April May June July August
Emer
gen
ce (
see
dlin
gs m
-2) 2014
2015
2016
a
a ab
b b bb b bb b b b b b b bb
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Emergence Timing and Seedbank Longevity
• Soil was excavated underneath the frames and seeds evaluated for viability
•No seeds were viable
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Emergence Timing and Seedbank Longevity
• Seedlings emerge in spring• Varies regionally with seasonal warming or other factor• Emergence when canopy is still open
•Canopy closure seedling emergence decreases
•Very limited emergence and seed viability after 2-3 years
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Managing Chinese tallow tree
•Prevention
•Mechanical
•Chemical
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Prevention
• Limit ornamental plantings
•Remove existing plants before seeds are produced
•Avoid use of mulch that may be contaminated with seeds
•Prevent seed spread and dispersal
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Mechanical
• Hand-pull young seedlings (including all roots)• Repeated pulling for resprouts
• Cut tree down to ground level
• Girdling for large trees:• Cut through bark 6 inches above the ground,
circling the tree base
• Repeated mowing on small saplings and resprouts
Chris Evans, Bugwood.org
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Chemical – Foliar Applications
•For seedlings, resprouts, and small trees
•Fall treatment
• Imazamox, imazapyr, triclopyr, aminocyclopyrachlor
•Check your labels, use surfactant
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Chemical – Basal Bark
• For individual trees, reducing off-target damage
• Triclopyr ester with basal oil
• Apply 12-15 inches above ground on the trunk
• Wet thoroughly for good control
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Chemical – Cut Stump
• For individual trees, reducing off-target damage
•Cut trunks horizontally at or near the ground level
• Triclopyr, imazapyr, aminopyralid
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Chemical – Incision Point Application (Hack and Squirt)
• For individual trees, reducing off-target damage
•One hack for every 6 inches DBH
•Aminocyclopyrachlor (100%)• 0.5 mL per hack
Hank Stelzer
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References:
• Enloe SF, Langeland K, Ferrell J, Sellers B, MacDonald G. 2018. Integrated Management of Non-Native Plants in Natural Areas of Florida. University of Florida #SP 242. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/wg209
• Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants. https://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/plant-directory/triadica-sebifera/
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Acknowledgements
• Michael Durham