Download - Controlling Sutardja Dai Hall
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Controlling Sutardja Dai Hall
Andrew KrioukovStephen Dawson-Haggerty, Jay Taneja
David Culler
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Buildings
40% of US electricity42% of greenhouse gas footprint
• Want:– Energy Efficiency– Flexible Load
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Building Power Consumption
11%
1MW883 kW
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Sutardja Dai Hall
3 years old
7 floors, 140k sq. feet
Collaboratories, offices, classrooms, auditorium & nanofab
Siemens Controls, WattStopper> 6000 sensors & actuators
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Building Control NetworkSensors,Actuators Controllers
WattStopperServer
Modem
Internet
sMAP/HTTP
Readings& Actuation
BACnet/IPGateway
Modem
Siemens P2over RS-485
SiemensServer
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Cooling Tower
Chiller
Economizer Air Handler
Hot Water
VAV VAV VAV
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Problems
1. Oblivious control loops– Increasing thermostat on warm day wastes energy– Conflicting controls
2. Oversizing – Excess ventilation– Oversized chiller
Inefficient, Inflexible Control
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Why?Modular Building ControllerMotorola 68302 16.67 MHz Processor3MB RAMRS-485 @ 300 - 115.2K bps60 day battery backup
• Hardware:– Resource limited– Reliability is the goal– Supports independent operation
• Generic control logic:Oversizing ensures comfortable operation in most buildings with less effort
• Historic:Replacing pneumatic/analog controls
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Goal
Globally-aware control with the same reliability.
• What is the architecture?– How to ensure: robustness, security and safety?
• What is the control policy?
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Building Control Architecture
Internet
Weather,Energy Prices
Low-levelControl
Sensors & Actuators
High-levelControl
Set points,PID parameters
Valve pos,Damper pos,
Fan speed
Building-wide optimization
PID Loops
How to do “atomic” building configuration changes?Security model?Enforcing safety constraints.
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Policy Components
• Supply air temp• Airflow• Room set points• Cold water pumps• Chiller• Hot water pumps
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Variable Air Volume (VAV) Box
• Ventilation• Maintain temperature
100%
0%
Cold AirflowHeating Valve
Setpoint Too HotToo Cold
Min airflow
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VAV Control100% Cooling
100% Heating
Dead band
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Conflicting VAVsMax Cooling• S1-1 – Boiler room• S4-4 – Floor 4 open office• S5-8 - Floor 5 office• S5-10 - Floor 5 open office • S7-13 - Floor 7 open office• S7-10 - Floor 7 open office• S7-1 - Floor 7 open office
Max heating• S1-9 - Mechanical Room• S4-20 - Floor 4 open office• S5-9 - Floor 5 hallway • S5-21 - Floor 5 open office• S5-4 - Floor 5 open office• S7-9 - Floor 7 open office• S7-3 - Floor 7 open office
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Ventilation
• TITLE 24: – 15 CFM per person of fresh air– 900 – 1100 PPM CO2
• VAVs have static minimum airflow base on:– Maximum occupancy– Minimum fresh air intake
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Fresh Air Intake
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Questions?