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Coping with water scarcity
Crop and Environmental Sciences DivisionCrop and Environmental Sciences DivisionInternational Rice Research InstituteInternational Rice Research Institute
Los BaLos Bañños, Philippinesos, Philippines
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Reduce seepage, percolation, evaporation
1 Land preparation
2 Crop establishment
3 Crop growth period
Reducing nonproductive outflows
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1. Land preparation (get basics right)1. Land preparation (get basics right)
• Field channels for irrigation and drainage• Land leveling• Crack plowing• Soil compaction• Good puddling• Good bund establishment
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Plot-to-plot irrigation:difficult to control waterdepth and terminaldrainage
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=> construct field canals
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Effect of uneven fields:• Submerged spots• Drought spots• Weed growth• Uneven nutrient distribution
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Wet land levelling
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Modern technology:Laser-guided leveling
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Cracks before land preparation
Rapid “bypass flow”
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Shallow tillage to plough cracks
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Control Shallow Tillage
Wa
ter
use
(m
m)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
PercolationOther component
Water use in land preparation, Bulacan, 1993
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Thorough puddling
One hole is plug out of bathtub!
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Construct good bunds; plaster well. Check during season!
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Rat hole in bund
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Bund lining
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0200
400600800
1000120014001600
18002000
DS2001 DS2002
Lining of bunds: 450 mm less water used
Water input, including land preparation (mm)
IRRI farm DS 2001-2002
Irrigation Rainfall
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Innovative farmer in Mekong Delta, Vietnam
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2. Crop establishment2. Crop establishment
• Short land preparation phase• Communal seed beds• Efficient use of rainfall (cropping calendar)• Crop establishment:
• Direct wet seeding• Direct dry seeding• Zero till
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Lump into community seed beds
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WTP > WWSLand preparation
Soaking Sowing Transplanting
Main fieldSeedbed
Main field
SowingSoaking
Transplanting
Wet seeding
Effect of direct seeding
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Direct wet seeding
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Direct wet seeding: drum seeder
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Direct dry seeding
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Zero till in direct dry seeding
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Amount of water applied to the field to produce 1 kg of rice (MUDA, Malaysia)
Am
ount
of w
ater
(kg
)
Transplanting Direct Seeding1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
Effect of direct seeding
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3. Crop growth period3. Crop growth period
• Good bund maintenance (e.g., rat holes)• Reduced evaporation• Reduced percolation and seepage through
decrease pressure head• Reduced ponded water depth• Saturated soil culture• Raised beds• Alternate wetting and drying (separate)
• Aerobic rice (separate)
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Keep ponded water depth at 5-10 cm or lower(reduced pressure head => less SP)
Saturated soil culture: just keep soil at saturation (many small irrigation gifts)
Keep 5-cm flooded around flowering!
Water management during crop growth
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14 28 42 56 70 840
vegetative reproductive ripeningGrowth Stage
Days after transplanting
1-2 cm 2-5 cm4-7 cm
1
dryingperiod7 days
1-2 cm 2-5 cmsaturated2
saturated1-2 cm3
saturated1-2 cm saturated
5
1-2 cm
10 days
8
1-2 cm5 cm 8 days
saturated
7 cm
7
saturated1-2 cm 2-5 cm 2-5 cm
4-7 cm
6
1-2 cm 5 cm8 days
7 cm
4
Y Win WPIR
5.0 2,197 0.23
4.9 1,059 0.46
4.6 914 0.50
4.0 880 0.46
5.2 1,693 0.31
5.2 2,187 0.24
4.5 874 0.52
4.0 870 0.46
Guimba, Philippines, 1988
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Yield
(t ha-1)
Water (mm)
WPIR
(g grain kg-1 water)
Transplanted
Flooded 7.4 694 1.06
SSC 6.7 373 1.81
Wet seeded
Flooded 7.6 631 1.20
SSC 7.3 324 2.27
Saturated soil culture (SSC)
Munoz, Philippines, 1991
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Yield
(t ha-1)
Water (mm)
WPIR
(g grain kg-1 water)
1996
Flooded 4.3 1,417 0.31
SSC 4.2 1,330 0.32
1997
Flooded 4.7 1,920 0.25
SSC 4.5 1,269 0.36
SSC in dry-seeded rice
San Jose City, Philippines, 1991
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30 cm
37 cm 15 cm
250 cm
Raised beds; alternate irrigation (furrows); Ghaziabad,Uttar Pradesh, India; Rice-Wheat Consortium site
Raised bed cultivation in India
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Rice on raised beds to keep soil saturated
Meerut and Ghaziabad (Delhi), India
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Direct Seeded Transplanted
Rice on raised beds; Punjab, India
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Yield
(t ha-1)
Water (mm)
WPIR
(g grain kg-1 water)
2001
Flooded 5.5 1,609 0.34
Beds FC 3.2 1,030 0.35
Flat FC 3.2 928 0.31
2002
Flooded 5.4 1,578 0.34
Beds FC 3.7 992 0.38
Flat FC 3.7 1,032 0.36
Raised and flat beds at Field Capacity
Delhi, India
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Extreme measures: reduce E by plastic film
Experimentation in riceSome farmer adoption
China: thousands of haIn North China PlainIn upland crops(maize, cotton, melon,.)
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Rice farmers adopting plastic film in Shiyan, China(6000 ha)
• Higher soil T => earlier establishment• Less E• Less weeds• Higher yields
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Applying film: make sure there is no air between film and soil
Pierce holes for transplanting seedling
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New machine development: can cover the film and pierce holes at the same time, operated by only one person
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Irrigate through furrows: keep soil below saturation
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Clear film from land after harvest. Waste disposal?