Food Waste Management: An Innovative Approach
By
Lalji K Verma, Ph D
September 19, 2012 ISWA Congress Florence Lalji Verma
Food Waste Management: An Innovative Approach
MSW contains – Biodegradable and,Non-bio-degradable components.
Biodegradable – Includes food waste.
•Food waste putrefies and causes environmental pollution and adverse impact on human health.
Food waste is a global problem. When discharged in drains it causes choking and ingress into water bodies result in eutrophication. Mostly it is sent to landfill resulting in methane generation which is 21 times as harmful to the environment than CO2.. Leachates pollute the aquifer.
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Food Waste Management System
Impact on the environment and Human Health:
Fly breeding, - Communicable diseasesStench, - environmental pollutionScavengers are attracted scattering the waste,Birds are attracted leading to wide spread of the
waste, - aviation hazard,Discharge in the drains may lead to choking of drains,
nullahs, and finally polluting the rivers, - cascading effects.
September 19, 2012 ISWA Congress Florence Lalji Verma
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Food Waste Management System
Food
Cooked Food AROMA
Overcooked Food SMELL
Rotting Food STENCH
Energy
Env Factors
Env Pollution
Communicable and other Diseases
September 19, 2012 ISWA Congress Florence Lalji Verma
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Food Waste Management SystemFood Waste
Rotting Food Waste
Putrefaction and degradation continues
Helped by Env Factors, enzymes and bacteria.
Release of amino acids.
Env Pollution
Unhygienic condition
Damage to property
Communicable DiseasesSeptember 19, 2012 ISWA Congress Florence Lalji
Verma
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Food Waste Management System
Thermal E
nergy
Food
Cooked
Over cooked
Burnt
But There is another stage, where the food is stabilized, and this stage is reached beforethe stage the food is burnt. This may be called stage of proteinstabilization, where enzymes, and along withit the amino acids are destroyed, but not the protein molecules. End product is manure/palletsretaining stored chemical energy in molecules.
September 19, 2012 ISWA Congress Florence Lalji Verma
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Food Waste generation
Collection at House Hold, Hotels, Market, Others
A B
Waste dumped in Dhalaos
C
Waste dump/composting area
Transportation to land dump in Vehicles(Stage II Transportation)
D
E
Transportation to Dhalaos by hand carts or Rickshaws or vehicles(Stage I Transportation)
Food Waste Management System
Current Practice
It may not be right to compare the present (failed) system with the innovative suggested system
A typical Dhalao* in Delhi
* Dhalao is an intermediary MSW storage point in Indian citiesSeptember 19, 2012 ISWA Congress Florence Lalji
Verma
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A
Food waste generation
Segregated Collection at RWAs, HH, Market Places, Hotels etc.
Transportation by hand carts/rickshaws/ Light Vehicles
Used as soil nutrientOr fuel Steam may be captured and reused.
Treatment of the waste by thermal energy under controlled condition
B C
D
Food Waste Management System
In Proposed System
September 19, 2012 ISWA Congress Florence Lalji Verma
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Food Waste Management SystemComparative Table: Adv/Disadvantages
Sl No Heading Current Practice Suggested System
1. Storage 2-7 days Eliminated
2. Putrefaction Yes No
3. Fly breeding Yes Eliminated
4. Scavengers Present Absent
5. Env Pollution Yes Minimal/eliminated
6. Adverse Effect on Human Health
Varied and widespread Eliminated
7. Loss of Prod Life (DALYS)
Gross Minimal
8. Dissipation of energy
Yes Minimal
9. Choking of Drains & Eutrophication
Yes No
10. Transportation Elaborate Minimal
September 19, 2012 ISWA Congress Florence Lalji Verma
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Food Waste Management System Shortcomings: Present System(Contd)
Comparative Table: Adv/Disadvantages (Contd)
Sl No Heading Current Practice Suggested System
11. Waste Dispersion Plenty en route, and widespread through birds Reduced/eliminated
12. Capital and Running Expenditure
Heavy LowerMuch less with offsets
13. Work force Requires a large work force Greatly reduced
14. Dumping of waste Haphazard Systematic collection. No dumping
15. Land requirement High Nil
16. Odor & stench Present and severe Minimal
17. Env pollution High Nil
September 19, 2012 ISWA Congress Florence Lalji Verma
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Offset in in 5 years in the Proposed Food Waste Management System:Computed for 5 years for 10,000 household (all Figures in INR)
Food Waste Management System
Sl No Item/No/Wt Basis of calculation
Remarks Cost or value
1. Treated Waste (manure or fuel cake)
40 % of input waste wt (12000 kg) may provide 4800 kg (dry wt) treated waste (manure) per day @ 40 %
Assumption – manure/ fuel cake may have value of INR 5 per kg
@ 5 x 4800 x30 x 12 x 5 =
43.2 million
2. Reusable water 20 % of waste input and 5 liters per machine per cycle from capture of the steam
Total quantity may be 2000 liters per day after deducting process loss
@ 2 per liter = 2000x2x30x12x5=
7.2 million
3. Total offset value 50.4 million
Plus carbon credit – not estimated/calculated
Total after offset : 84 million (-) 50.4 million = 33.6 millionSaving (In 5 Years) : 118 million (-) 33.6 million = 84.4 million
OR 16.88 million per year, or 1.406670 million per month, or INR 46, 890 per day
September 19, 2012 ISWA Congress Florence Lalji Verma
Item Cost (In INR)
Equip 40 million
Housing of Equip 1.5 million
Maint@10% 20 million
El & Water cost 22.5 million
Total 84 million
Offset (-) 50.4 million
Revised Total 33.6 million
pp/day 0.37
Per Kg cost 1.55
Current Practice Proposed System
Food Waste Management SystemCost Comparison
Population 50,000 or 10,000 HH (12,000 Kg food waste day1 including food waste from hotels, restaurants, roadside eating joints etc in the locality) Computed for 5 years
* Dhalaos are intermediary storage point for municipal solid waste
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Food Waste Management System
The Machine:Considering all these a machine, VEGMA FOODSTER,
has been developed for food waste management,Suitable for resident welfare associations, eating joints,
hotels, clubs, cafeteria, food processing industries, railways, airports etc,
It has a cylindrical vessel, an outer jacket, an in - built motor driven shredder, a boiler (5 kg steam/hr capacity), safety valve, small water tank, motor driven water pump for the boiler, inlet and outlet openings, variable motor device to run the motor at variable RPM.
Other accessories.
September 19, 2012 ISWA Congress Florence Lalji Verma
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Food Waste Management SystemThe Machine:
Variable speed motor for the Shredder
Boiler
Vessel having an outer jacket for steam to circulate
Different
gauges
Safety Valve
Feed water motor and pump for the boiler
Inlet
Outlet
Controlled variable speed device
September 19, 2012 ISWA Congress Florence Lalji Verma
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Food Waste Management SystemThe machine
The machine is mounted on a platform measuring 6ft x 4ft,It is user friendly, and safe, and can be operated by a semiskilled person,Runs on electricity, and requires an electric panel with switches for
boiler, feed water pump, motor and other control devices,El consumption – approx 9 kw/hr=6kw/cycle = INR 30/cycle. In actual fact
it may be only INR 15/cycle, as once the boiler is heated up subsequent cycles will consume only 40-60 % energy. Heaters and motors run intermittently,
Water consumption – approx 4 lt/cycle = INR 2, as steam is captured and reused in the feed water pump for the boiler,
Machine can be run for 10 hrs or 16 cycles a day, each cycle can take 15 kg waste,
Output will be approx 6 kg of manure (dry weight) per cycle,Steam can be captured and sold as distilled water.
September 19, 2012 ISWA Congress Florence Lalji Verma
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Food Waste Management SystemTest Results
Parameters Inlet Samples: I, II, III
Outlet Samples: I, II, III
Moisture % 66.59 62.29 61.92 55.16 76 66.18
Ash % 2.14 12.61 3.58 3.06 9.03 6.51
Fat % 1.78 1.45 0.94 3.21 0.71 1.15
Protein % 4.47 4.04 4.54 4.7 3.44 4.48
Carbohydrates % 25.02 19.61 29.02 33.87 10.82 21.68
Energy Kcal/100 gm 133.98 107.65 142.7 183.17*
63.43 114.99
Phosphorus, mg/100 gm 78.98 111.83 124.56 99.58 190.02 203.96
pH 4.02 4.88 4.15 4.43 6.86 4.54
Enzymes Present Absent**
Source: FRAC, New Delhi
*In wet waste output. Dry waste output will have higher calorific value.
**Only one sample tested for protease, amylase, and lipase onlySeptember 19, 2012 ISWA Congress Florence Lalji Verma
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Food Waste Management System
Likely Clientele/Market:RWAsMarket PlacesRailwaysHotels and Restaurants etcFood Processing IndustriesDistillaries
September 19, 2012 ISWA Congress Florence Lalji Verma
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Food Waste Management System
September 19, 2012 ISWA Congress Florence Lalji Verma