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Unit 13
Respiratory System and Pulmonology
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Respiratory System
• Primary functions:– Inspiration of oxygen
– Expiration of carbon dioxide
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Respiratory System
• Movement of air:– Nasal and sinus passages
– Pharynx
– Trachea
– Bronchi
– Bronchioles
– Alveoli
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Structures of the Respiratory System
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Exchange of Gases
1. Oxygen diffuses through alveolar wall into surrounding capillaries
2. Hemoglobin transports oxygen to cells
3. Carbon dioxide moves from tissues into bloodstream
4. Carbon dioxide moves into alveoli and is exhaled
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Respiratory Combining Forms
Combining form Meaningnas/o nose
rhin/o nose
pharyng/o pharynx (throat)
laryng/o larynx (voice box)
trache/o trachea (windpipe)
broncho/o bronchi or bronchus
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Respiratory Combining Forms
Combining form Meaningbronchiol/o bronchioles
alveol/o alveoli or alveolus
phren/o or diaphragm/o diaphragm
pulmon/o lung
pneum/o air
pneumon/o lung
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Lungs
• pneumon/o = combining form
• Examples:– pneumon/o/pathy = any lung disease
– pneumon/o/rrhagia = hemorrhage of lungs
– pneumon/o/melan/osis = lung disease characterized by black lung tissue
• melan/o
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Lung Conditions
• Examples:– pneumon/itis = inflammation of lungs
– pneumon/ia = acute inflammation of lungs• Caused by:
– Bacteria, fungi, and viruses
• Treatment:– Antibiotics
– atel/ectasis = collapsed lung• Dilated or expanded
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Lung Procedures
• Examples:– pneumon/o/tomy = incision into lung
– pneumon/ectomy = excision of part or all of lung
– pneumon/o/centesis = surgical puncture of lung to remove fluid
– pneumon/o/pexy = surgical fixation or attachment of prolapsed lung
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Lungs
• pulmon/o = another combining form for lungs– Used only in a few words
• Examples:– pulmon/ary and pulmon/ic = pertaining to lungs
– cardi/o/pulmon/ary = pertaining to heart and lungs
– pulmon/ary valve = heart valve through which blood travels to lungs
– pulmon/ary embolus = blood clot moving to lung
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Air
• pneum/o = combining form– Can also mean lung
• Examples:– pneum/o/therapy = treatment with compressed air
– pneum/o/meter = instrument that measures air volume in respiration
• spir/o/meter = instrument that measures lung volume
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Air
• Examples:– pneum/o/derm/a = collection of air under skin
– pneum/o/thorax = collection of air in chest cavity• Air forced into cavity
– pneum/o/py/o/thorax = collection of air and pus in chest cavity
– pneum/o/hem/o/thorax = collection of air and blood in chest cavity
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Breathing
• pne/o = combining form
• -pnea = suffix form– Used most often
• Normal breathing rate for adults:– 12 to 16 breaths per minute
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Breathing
• Inspire– To breathe in
• Expire– To breathe out
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Animation
Click Here to Play Respiration Animation
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Respiratory Symptoms
Term Symptoma/pnea absence of breathing
dys/pnea difficult breathing
hyper/pnea increased rate and depth of breathing
tachy/pnea rapid breathing
brady/pnea slow breathing
ortho/pnea able to breathe only when sitting up or standing
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Respiratory Symptoms
Term Symptomhem/o/pty/sis expectorating blood
hyper/ventil/ation excessive movement of air in and out of lungs
hyp/oxia low oxygen levels in organs and tissues
cyan/osis bluish color due to hypoxia
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Sputum
• Combination of mucus and other fluids and substances in respiratory tract
• ptyal/o = combining form for sputum and saliva
• Examples:– hemo/pty/sis = coughing up sputum containing blood
– ptyal/o/rrhea = drooling due to excess saliva
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Nasal Cavity
• nas/o = combining form
• Examples:– nas/al = pertaining to nose
– nas/itis = inflammation of nasal cavity
– nas/o/scope = instrument used to examine nasal cavity
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Nasal Cavity
• Examples:– nas/o/pharyng/itis = inflammation of nose and pharynx
– nas/o/front/al = pertaining to nasal and frontal bone
– nas/o/lacrimal = pertaining to nose and lacrimal (tear) duct
– epi/staxis = nosebleed
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Throat
• pharynx = throat
• pharyng/o = combining form
• Examples:– pharyng/o/pathy = any pharynx disease
– pharyng/itis = inflammation of pharynx
– pharyng/o/cele = herniation of pharynx
– pharyng/o/lith = calculus in wall of pharynx
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Throat
• Examples:– pharyng/o/tomy = incision of throat
– pharyng/o/plasty = surgical repair of throat
– pharyng/o/scope = instrument used to examine throat
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Larynx
• Contains vocal cords
• laryng/o = combining form
• Examples:– laryng/o/pathy = any larynx disease
– laryng/itis = inflammation of larynx
– laryng/algia = pain in larynx
– laryng/o/spasm = spasm of larynx
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Larynx
• Examples:– laryng/o/tomy = incision into larynx
– laryng/o/stomy = surgical opening into larynx
– laryng/o/scope = instrument used to examine larynx
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Trachea
• trachea = windpipe
• trache/o = combining form
• Examples:– trache/al = pertaining to trachea
– endo/trache/al = within trachea
– trache/algia = pain in trachea
– trache/o/cele = herniation of trachea
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Trachea
• Examples:– trache/o/rrhagia = hemorrhage from trachea
– trache/o/py/osis = condition of trachea with pus formation
– trache/o/scopy = examination of trachea
– trache/o/tomy = incision into trachea
– trache/ostomy = surgical creation of new opening in trachea
– trache/o/laryng/o/tomy = incision of trachea and larynx
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Bronchi
• bronch/o = combining form
• bronchus = singular form
• Examples:– bronch/itis = inflammation of bronchi
– bronch/o/lith = calculus in bronchus
– bronch/o/rrhagia = bronchial hemorrhage
– bronch/o/spasm = spasm of bronchus
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Bronchi
• Examples:– bronch/o/scope = instrument used to examine bronchi
– bronch/o/scopy = examination of bronchi with instrument
– bronch/o/fiber/o/scopy = use of specialized, flexible scope to examine bronchi
– bronch/o/stomy = formation of new opening in bronchus
– bronch/o/rrhaphy = suturing of bronchus
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Pleura
• Membrane around lungs
• pleur = combining form
• pleurae = plural form
• Examples:– pleur/al = pertaining to pleura
– pleur/itis and pleur/isy = inflammation of pleura
– pleur/algia and pleur/o/dynia = pain in pleura
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Pleura
• Examples:– pleur/o/lith = calculus in pleura
– viscer/o/pleur/al = pertaining to membrane attached to lung
– pleur/o/centesis = surgical puncturing of pleura
– pleur/ectomy = excision of part of pleura
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Diaphragm
• Muscle that controls breathing
• phren/o and diaphragm/o = combining forms
• phren/ic and diaphragm/atic = adjectival forms
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Diaphragm
• Examples:– diaphragm/atic breathing = automatic breathing
controlled by brain signaling diaphragm
– phren/o/plegia = paralysis of diaphragm
– phren/ectomy and phren/ic/ectomy = removal of portion of phrenic nerve
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Respiratory Diseases
• Croup– Characterized by resonant, barking cough
– Occurs mostly in children
– Caused by:• Viral infection
• Allergic reaction
• Inhalation of foreign object
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Respiratory Diseases
• Asthma– Results in:
• Spasms in bronchi
• Wheezing cough
• Inability to take complete breath
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Respiratory Diseases
• Asthma– Brought on by:
• Overexertion
• Inhalation of irritants
• Infection
• Emotional distress
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Animation
Click Here to Play Asthma Animation
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Respiratory Diseases
• Emphysema– Terminal bronchioles and alveoli lose elasticity and ability
to receive and expel air
– Results in:• Shortness of breath
• Chronic cough
• Cyanosis
• Wheezing
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Respiratory Diseases
• Emphysema– Caused by:
• Smoking cigarettes
• Breathing dirty, polluted air
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Respiratory Diseases
• Pertussis– Also known as whooping cough
– Characterized by shrill, whooping inspiration and cough
– Prevention:• Vaccination with DTaP for children
• Vaccination with Tdap for adults
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Directional Term: Left
• sinistr/o = combining form
• Origin– Latin
– sinister = left
• Superstition that left side is bad or evil
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Directional Term: Left
• Examples:– sinistr/ad = toward left
– sinistr/al = pertaining to left
– sinistr/o/man/ual = left-handed
– sinistr/o/ped/al = left-footed
– sinistr/o/cardi/a = displacement of heart to left
– sinistr/o/cerebr/al = pertaining to left half of cerebrum
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Directional Term: Left
• oculus sinister (OS) = left eye
• auris sinister (AS) = left ear
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Directional Term: Right
• dextr/o = combining form for right
• Origin– Latin
– dexter = right
• Superstition that right side is good
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Directional Term: Right
• Examples:– dextr/ad = toward right
– dextr/al = pertaining to right
– dextr/o/man/ual = right-handed
– dextr/o/ped/al = right-footed
– dextr/o/cardi/a = displacement of heart to right
– dextr/o/gastr/ia = displacement of stomach to right
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Directional Term: Right
• oculus dexter (OD) = right eye
• auris dexter (AD) = right ear
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Feet
• pod/o and ped/i = combining forms
• Examples:– pod/iatric = pertaining to feet
– pod/iatry = medical specialty concerned with feet
– pod/iatrist = doctor who diagnoses and treats conditions of feet
– ped/i/algia and pod/algia = foot pain
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Hands
• chir/o = combining form
• Origin– Greek
– cheir = hand
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Hands
• Examples:– chir/o/spasm = spasm of hand
– chir/o/plasty = surgical repair of hand
– chir/o/practors = specialists who use hands to manipulate body for therapy
• E.g., spinal manipulation
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Pediatrics
• pedi/a = combining form for children
• Origin– Greek
– pedias = child
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Pediatrics
• Examples:– pedi/a/trician = physician specialist who treats children
– pedi/a/trics = medical specialty for treatment of children
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Gerontology
• ger/i = old age
• Examples:– ger/ont/o/logy = study of treatment of aging and elderly
– ger/iatrics = medical specialty of treating diseases related to old age
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Psychiatry
• psych/iatry = study and treatment of mental illness
• psych/iatrist = medical doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating mental disorders
• psych/iatric = pertaining to psychiatry