Download - Corneal emergencies
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Corneal EmergenciesCorneal Emergencies
Dr Laurence SullivanDr Laurence SullivanCorneal Clinic, RVEEHCorneal Clinic, RVEEH
Bayside Eye Specialists, BrightonBayside Eye Specialists, Brighton100 Victoria Parade East Melbourne100 Victoria Parade East Melbourne
LasersightLasersight
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Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011
Corneal AnatomyCorneal Anatomy
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Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011
Useful ToolsUseful Tools
Slit lamp / magnificationSlit lamp / magnification Fluorescein stain [either strips or Fluorescein stain [either strips or
drops (2%)]. Stains corneal stroma, drops (2%)]. Stains corneal stroma, i.e. epithelial defect.i.e. epithelial defect.
Local anaesthetic dropsLocal anaesthetic drops cotton buds, fine (25G)cotton buds, fine (25G)
needleneedle Telephone!Telephone!
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Fluorescein stainFluorescein stain
Stains stroma (=defect in the Stains stroma (=defect in the epithelium)epithelium)
Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011
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Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011
Minor EmergenciesMinor Emergencies
Corneal or subtarsal foreign bodyCorneal or subtarsal foreign body Welding flash burnWelding flash burn Corneal abrasion/recurrent erosionsCorneal abrasion/recurrent erosions Corneal exposure e.g. Bell’s palsyCorneal exposure e.g. Bell’s palsy HSV dendriteHSV dendrite HZO HZO May treat and review, depending on May treat and review, depending on
circumstancescircumstances
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Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011
Major emergenciesMajor emergencies
Chemical burns (“Alkali”, or “Lime”)Chemical burns (“Alkali”, or “Lime”) Microbial (bacterial) keratitisMicrobial (bacterial) keratitis
– Also fungal, HSV, acanthamoebaAlso fungal, HSV, acanthamoeba Trauma / laceration / perforationTrauma / laceration / perforation Corneal graft rejectionCorneal graft rejection Autoimmune melts / scleritis / vasculitisAutoimmune melts / scleritis / vasculitis LASIK flap shiftLASIK flap shift
All require urgent referralAll require urgent referral
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Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011
Chemical burnsChemical burns
Alkali (lime), acid, alcohol, other Alkali (lime), acid, alcohol, other solventssolvents
Alkali worse because of increased Alkali worse because of increased penetration into corneal tissuepenetration into corneal tissue
First Aid at site: Irrigation, irrigation, First Aid at site: Irrigation, irrigation, irrigation! 1-2L of normal saline, tap irrigation! 1-2L of normal saline, tap water, soft drink, milk, beer, (?water, soft drink, milk, beer, (?urine?).urine?).
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Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011
Chemical burns - signsChemical burns - signs
Epithelial defect (fluorescein stain) Epithelial defect (fluorescein stain) Cloudy corneaCloudy cornea Conj. Conj.
hyperaemiahyperaemia Beware if conj. Beware if conj.
is blanched is blanched
(ischaemic)(ischaemic)Non-healing ulcer
Acute ulcer
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Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011
Corneal Stromal haze and Corneal Stromal haze and fluorescein stainfluorescein stain
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Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011
Alkali burns -Alkali burns - mild and moderate mild and moderate
Limbal ischaemia
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Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011
Chemical burnsChemical burns
The long term problem is damage to The long term problem is damage to corneal limbal stem cells (>270corneal limbal stem cells (>270°)°), or , or stromal damage which makes the stromal damage which makes the cornea unable to produce/support an cornea unable to produce/support an epitheliumepithelium
Leads to chronic epithelial defect, Leads to chronic epithelial defect, stromal lysis, scarring and stromal lysis, scarring and vascularisation (conj.).vascularisation (conj.).
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Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011
Chemical burnsChemical burns
A&E: Irrigation, irrigation, irrigation!A&E: Irrigation, irrigation, irrigation! 1-2L normal saline. 1-2L normal saline. LA drops will help for exam & LA drops will help for exam &
irrigation (Benoxinate/Oxybuprocaine irrigation (Benoxinate/Oxybuprocaine or Amethocaine, or Xylocaine 1%) or Amethocaine, or Xylocaine 1%) Analgesia. Dilate pupil (for comfort: Analgesia. Dilate pupil (for comfort: Mydriacyl/Tropicamide, Homatropine Mydriacyl/Tropicamide, Homatropine they all have red tops)they all have red tops)
Check pH (7-8 OK)Check pH (7-8 OK)
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Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011
Chemical burnsChemical burns
Slit lamp exam (LA) - extent of Slit lamp exam (LA) - extent of epithelial loss (fluorescein stain).epithelial loss (fluorescein stain).
Limbal involvement? Limbal involvement? (whitening+ischaemia) (whitening+ischaemia)
Evert upper lid, remove particulate Evert upper lid, remove particulate matter with cotton bud, forceps.matter with cotton bud, forceps.
Conj. may be white if ischaemic (bad Conj. may be white if ischaemic (bad sign).sign).
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Chemical burns – a bad oneChemical burns – a bad one
Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011
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Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011
Chemical burnsChemical burns
Refer Refer allall with epithelial defect. with epithelial defect. On arrival at RVEEH, irrigation is often On arrival at RVEEH, irrigation is often
repeated!repeated! Then, topical antibiotics, steroids, Then, topical antibiotics, steroids,
citrate and ascorbate (buffer alkali citrate and ascorbate (buffer alkali and inhibit PMN proteinase enzymes, and inhibit PMN proteinase enzymes, support new collagen from support new collagen from keratocytes), antiglaucoma Rx.keratocytes), antiglaucoma Rx.
AMT AMT
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Microbial keratitisMicrobial keratitis
A soggy white spot (PMNs) on the A soggy white spot (PMNs) on the cornea of an inflamed eyecornea of an inflamed eye
Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011
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Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011
Microbial KeratitisMicrobial Keratitis
Risk factors: contact lens wear, trauma, Risk factors: contact lens wear, trauma, organic contamination, topical steroid drop organic contamination, topical steroid drop use.use.
Red eyeRed eye Ulcer (fl. Stain) Ulcer (fl. Stain) Corneal infiltrate (white spot) = PMNsCorneal infiltrate (white spot) = PMNs Hypopyon (pus level in anterior chamber) Hypopyon (pus level in anterior chamber) PainPain
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Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011
Microbial KeratitisMicrobial Keratitis- Management- Management
Refer for corneal scraping -> Refer for corneal scraping -> Microscopy, culture, sensitivities.Microscopy, culture, sensitivities.
Admit (often)Admit (often) Intensive topical broad spectrum Intensive topical broad spectrum
antibiotic drops (Ciprofloxacin q1h antibiotic drops (Ciprofloxacin q1h D&N)D&N)
Modify Rx according to micro resultsModify Rx according to micro results
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Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011
Fungal scleritis/keratitisFungal scleritis/keratitis
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Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011
Microbial keratitis - post LASIKMicrobial keratitis - post LASIK
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Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011
Microbial keratitis, hypopyonMicrobial keratitis, hypopyon
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Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011
Corneal infiltratesCorneal infiltrates
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Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011
DDxDDxOld scar in a quiet eye Old scar in a quiet eye (herpes)(herpes)
Band keratopathy Band keratopathy (Calcium deposition)(Calcium deposition)
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Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011
Corneal Perforation in Contact Corneal Perforation in Contact Lens-related Microbial Lens-related Microbial Keratitis Keratitis Seidel’s test - 2% Fluorescein dropsSeidel’s test - 2% Fluorescein drops
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Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011
TraumaTrauma
Laceration, perforationLaceration, perforation If full thickness, usually -> urgent If full thickness, usually -> urgent
surgery under GA (suture or graft)surgery under GA (suture or graft) Fasting, eye shield, analgesia, anti-Fasting, eye shield, analgesia, anti-
emeticsemetics No drops if perforatedNo drops if perforated
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Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011
Corneal lacerationCorneal laceration
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Corneal lacerationCorneal laceration
Consider IOFBConsider IOFB CT ScanCT Scan Needs surgical Needs surgical
repairrepair
Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011
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Shield, Analgesia,Antiemesis, Shield, Analgesia,Antiemesis, ReferRefer
Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011
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Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011
Traumatic HyphaemaTraumatic Hyphaema
Blunt traumaBlunt trauma
Rx bed rest, admit?Rx bed rest, admit? AnalgesiaAnalgesia pupil dilatation pupil dilatation
(Atropine 1%)(Atropine 1%) Topical steroid Topical steroid
dropsdrops no aspirinno aspirin
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Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011
Corneal transplant rejectionCorneal transplant rejection
Setting: Corneal transplant, red eye, Setting: Corneal transplant, red eye, blurred vision, photophobia.blurred vision, photophobia.
Keratic precipitates - PMNs & Keratic precipitates - PMNs & macrophages on back surface of corneamacrophages on back surface of cornea
Exclude suture and wound problems, Exclude suture and wound problems, infection.infection.
Intensive potent topical steroids Intensive potent topical steroids (Prednefrin forte or Dexamethasone 1% (Prednefrin forte or Dexamethasone 1% q1h).q1h).
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Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011
Corneal transplant rejectionCorneal transplant rejection
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Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011
Loose corneal transplant sutureLoose corneal transplant suture
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Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011
Autoimmune ulcers, scleritis Autoimmune ulcers, scleritis vasculitisvasculitis
Rheumatoid arthritis, SLE w/ Rheumatoid arthritis, SLE w/ vasculitis, Wegener’s vasculitis, Wegener’s granulomatosis.granulomatosis.
Rx corneaRx cornea Rx underlying Rx underlying
condition – systemic condition – systemic
steroids, steroids,
immunosuppressionimmunosuppression
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Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011
Rheumatoid melt (ulcer)Rheumatoid melt (ulcer)
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Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011
Rheumatoid melt - glue and CLRheumatoid melt - glue and CL
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Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011
Rheumatoid melt – inferior Rheumatoid melt – inferior arcuate patch graftarcuate patch graft
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Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011
Nodular scleritisNodular scleritis
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Lasik Flap shiftLasik Flap shift
Relatively minor trauma but poor VARelatively minor trauma but poor VA
Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011
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Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011
Questions?Questions?
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Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011
Minor EmergenciesMinor Emergencies
Corneal or subtarsal foreign bodyCorneal or subtarsal foreign body Welding flash burnWelding flash burn Corneal abrasion/recurrent erosionsCorneal abrasion/recurrent erosions Corneal exposure e.g. Bell’s palsyCorneal exposure e.g. Bell’s palsy HSV dendriteHSV dendrite HZO HZO May treat and review, depending on May treat and review, depending on
circumstancescircumstances
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Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011
Corneal foreign bodyCorneal foreign body Metallic (grinding)Metallic (grinding) Beware organic (infection)Beware organic (infection) Beware hammering metal-on-metal – high Beware hammering metal-on-metal – high
impact, IOFB -> CT scanimpact, IOFB -> CT scan LA dropLA drop 25 G needle on a cotton bud to lift off or dig out 25 G needle on a cotton bud to lift off or dig out
FBFB Oc Chloramphenicol, double padOc Chloramphenicol, double pad Dilate homatropine 2 or 5% statDilate homatropine 2 or 5% stat
?rust ring removal (next day)?rust ring removal (next day)
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Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011
Corneal Foreign BodyCorneal Foreign Body
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Removing a CFBRemoving a CFB
LA (oxybuprocaine,LA (oxybuprocaine,
Alcaine)Alcaine)
25G needle on a 25G needle on a cotton budcotton bud
Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011
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Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011
CFB and rust ringCFB and rust ring
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Subtarsal FBSubtarsal FB
Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011
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Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011
Corneal ExposureCorneal Exposure
Facial nerve palsy, acute CVA, LOCFacial nerve palsy, acute CVA, LOC Inability to blink, close lids. May -> Inability to blink, close lids. May ->
ulceration of inferior corneaulceration of inferior cornea Chloramphenicol ointmentChloramphenicol ointment Padding, Lid tapingPadding, Lid taping May need lid suture (tarsorraphy), May need lid suture (tarsorraphy),
Botulinum toxin ptosisBotulinum toxin ptosis
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Facial palsyFacial palsy
Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011
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Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011
Inferior punctate epithelial Inferior punctate epithelial erosions (exposure)erosions (exposure)
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Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011
Lateral tarsorraphy and lower lid Lateral tarsorraphy and lower lid tighteningtightening
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Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011
Corneal abrasion / erosions / Corneal abrasion / erosions / welding flash burnwelding flash burn
Large or small (punctate) epithelial Large or small (punctate) epithelial defectsdefects
Oc. ChloramphenicolOc. Chloramphenicol +/- double pad+/- double pad +/- pupil dilatation+/- pupil dilatation
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Corneal abrasion / erosionCorneal abrasion / erosion
Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011
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Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011
Welding flash burnWelding flash burn(“photokeratitis”)(“photokeratitis”)
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Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011
Healing corneal abrasionHealing corneal abrasion
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Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011
Questions?Questions?
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Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011
HSV dendritic ulcerHSV dendritic ulcer
Branching ulcer (superficial) - base Branching ulcer (superficial) - base stains with Fluorescein, edges with stains with Fluorescein, edges with Rose Bengal (red)Rose Bengal (red)
wipe off infected cells w/ cotton bud -wipe off infected cells w/ cotton bud -> send for HSV PCR> send for HSV PCR
Oc Acyclovir q3h (5x/day) for 7 daysOc Acyclovir q3h (5x/day) for 7 days review in 2 days to check response review in 2 days to check response
to Rxto Rx
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Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011
Herpes Simplex Herpes Simplex dendritic ulcersdendritic ulcers
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Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011
Herpes Simplex Herpes Simplex dendritic ulcersdendritic ulcers
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Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011
HZO - Herpes Zoster OphthalmicusHZO - Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus
Oral acyclovir 800mg 5 x a day (or Oral acyclovir 800mg 5 x a day (or famcyclovir, valacyclovir)famcyclovir, valacyclovir)
Ophthalmic review to detect Ophthalmic review to detect intraocular inflammation, increased intraocular inflammation, increased IOPIOP
Can have late corneal and Can have late corneal and inflammatory problemsinflammatory problems
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Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011
HZO - Herpes Zoster OphthalmicusHZO - Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus
Late Neurotrophic corneal ulcer and scar.
V1 rash of HZO
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Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011Dr Laurie Sullivan 2011
Questions?Questions?
Thank YouThank You