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2008 CPPA PIs’ Meeting
Climate Prediction Program for the Americas
Coupling soil and canopy processes to nutrient dynamics: impacts of rootnutrient dynamics: impacts of root
moisture uptake and hydraulic redistributionredistribution
Praveen KumarDarren DrewryDarren Drewry
Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringUniversity of Illinoisy
Urbana, IllinoisE-mail: [email protected]
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30 years ago
Woody Thickening, Australia
Present day
Long et al., Science, 2006 2
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Understanding Biophysical Coevolution: Model For Couple Water, Carbon, Energy and Nutrient Dynamics
Canopy-Top Forcing:NEE LE H
SW down Ta VPD CaCanopy-Atmosphere
Exchange of CO2, latent and sensible heat
Ca U PPT
Soil Carbon andSoil Carbon and Nitrogen Transformations, Uptake and Transport
ImmobilizationSoil moisture
Transport
SOM Pools
Mineral N
Litter Deposition
Mineral N Uptaketransport, uptake, and passive redistribution
Mineralization
Leaching 4
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Canopy Flux Model
dzc
5
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Canopy & Root System Structure
Normalized Leaf Area Density
Beta FunctionBeta Function[Massman, 1982]
[Stenberg et al, 1994]
Logistic Function
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Root Density [Schenk and Jackson, 2002]6
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Canopy Scaling
We have examined processes occuring on a single “leaf”
Now we can compose a complete canopy as multiple layers of “leaves”:
--> Radiation attenuation, Turbulent Mixing, Wind Speed Profile
PAR NIR LW
Mixing of canopy microclimate states
(Ca, Ta, ea) by turbulent eddies
U 7
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Canopy Scaling
Canopy-top measurements provide model forcing data (upper BCs):
SWdn, LWdn, Ca, Ta, ea, U, U*
And the model alidation dataAnd, the model validation data:
Fc, LE, H --> Eddy covariance: vertical integral of sources/sinks
h Fc Sc (z)dz0
hc c0
LE Sv (z)dz0
h0
H Sh (z)dz0
h
8
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Effects of Enriched Ambient CO2
Bondville Ameriflux TowerBondville Ameriflux TowerSoyFACE site
9
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PAR NIR LW
UU
10
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PAR NIR LW
U
11
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Modeling Framework: Coupled Photosynthesis - Stomatal Conductance - Leaf Energy Balance
gbh
Leaf Energy Balance + BLC
Leaf Energy Balance
Boundary Layer Conductance
(free / forced convection)
gbv
convection)
Tl gbv
Q:PAR
Required
Inputs Cigs
Outputs
Biochemical Ph t th i
Stomatal C d t
CiTl gs
PARNIRLW
TaRha
Tl
AnHLEPhotosynthesis
(Farquhar et al)
Conductance
(Ball/Berry/Collatz)
An
aCa U
LE
Leaf Ecophysiology16
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CO2 - Control: average of all noon values for each simulation day
gbh g
Leaf Energy Balance + BLC
(+0 [mol m-2 s-1])
Leaf Energy Balance
Boundary Layer Conductance
(free / forced convection)
gbv( 0 [mol m s ])
convection)
Tl gbv
Q:PAR
Required
Inputs
Ci (+163 5Outputs
(+0.25 [C]) (+0 [mol m-2 s-1])
Biochemical Ph t th i
Stomatal C d t
Cigs
PARNIRLW
TaRha
Ci (+163.5 [ppm])
gs (-0.05 [mol m-2 s-1])
Tl (+0.25 [C])
Tl (+0.25 [C]) (+163.5 [ppm])(-0.05 [mol m-2 s-1])
Photosynthesis
(Farquhar et al)
Conductance
(Ball/Berry/Collatz)
An (-3.34 [ l 2 1])
aCaU An (-3.34
[µmol m-2 s-1])H (+56.3 [W m-2]
+190 [ppm]
[µmol m-2 s-1])Leaf Ecophysiology
[ ]LE (-56.3 [W m-2]
17
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Extending Control Volume to Include ABL Dynamics
Tropospheric Properties: Jump Discontinuities and Lapse Rates
Warm, Dry Air
hABL
Ca, Ta, ea, SWdn, LWdn
H LE NEE
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Drier, warmer BL
Hamb LEamb NEEamb
Helev LEelev NEEelev
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Hydraulic Redistribution
Canopy-Atmosphere Exchange of CO2, latent and sensible heat:
Canopy-Top Forcing:
NEE LE
SW down Ta
VPD LE H
VPD Ca U
ImmobilizationSoil moisture
SOM Pools
Mineral N
Litter Deposition
Mineral N UptakeSoil moisture transport, uptake and passive redistribution Mineralization
Leaching
redistribution
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Plant roots are much deeper than traditionally thought in our modeling approaches. In particular, this is true for water-limited environments
a nia do ri ka Mexico
York lina
ia ngtonal Eve
rgreen
Forest
al Deci
duou
s Fore
st
al Gras
sland
/Savan
a
rate G
rassla
ndrat
e Deci
duou
s Fore
st
rate C
onife
rous F
orest
nd l Forest
a
0
Arizon
aCali
forni
Colorad
oFlor
idaIow
aMiss
ouri
Nebras
kaNew
Me
New Y
orOreg
onS. C
aroli
Texas
Virgini
aW
ashing
0
10
Tropica
lTrop
ical
Tropica
lDese
rtShru
bsTem
pera
Tempe
raTem
pera
Croplan
dBore
al F
Tundra
5
10
pth
(m)
10
20
30h (m
) Approximate Maximum Rooting Depth for
Current Climate Models
15
20M
ax. R
oot D
epObserved Max. R ti D th
30
40
Roo
t Dep
th
Maximum Root DepthAverage Root depth
25
M Rooting Depths for USA
53 m 61 m
50
60
21
3070
Based on the study by Canadell et al. (1996) & Kleidon and Heimann (1998)
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Hydraulic Redistribution is the passive transport of soil water via plant roots from wet soil layers to dry soil layers.
22Movement of water via the plant roots from the more moist soil layers to drier soil layers during dry and wet seasons.
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Hydraulic Redistribution by plant roots can be modeled by coupling water flow within the soil media and the root media, where flow in both media is governed by water potential gradient and hydraulic conductivity of the system.
Flow in the t lroot xylem
Flow in the Hydraulic R di t ib tisoil pores Redistribution
Flow into the root from the
soil
23SoilRoot
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Flow in soil media is modeled as :Ji-1Δzi-1 θi-1, ψi-1 Ji-1Δzi-1 θi-1, ψi-1
JiΔzi
qi-1
θi, ψi
Ks,i-1
JiΔzi
qi-1
θi, ψi
Ks,i-1
Jz
qt
soil
)(1 , xylemsoilrootradsoil
soil Kz
Kzt
Ji+1Δzi+1
qi
θi+1, ψi+1
Ks,i
Ji+1Δzi+1
qi
θi+1, ψi+1
Ks,i
W fl i di b d l dWater flow in root media can be modeled as a pipe flow: Δzi-1
qi-1
ψi-1 Ji-1 Krad,i-1
Kax,i-1
Δzi-1
qi-1
ψi-1 Ji-1 Krad,i-1
Kax,i-1
Jqroot
)(1xylem
Δzi
Δ
qi
ψi Ji
J
Krad,i
K
Kax,i
Δzi
Δ
qi
ψi Ji
J
Krad,i
K
Kax,i
Jz
24
)(1 ,, xylemsoilrootradxylem
rootaxial Kz
Kz
Δzi+1 ψi+1 Ji+1 Krad,i+1Δzi+1 ψi+1 Ji+1 Krad,i+1
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CASE STUDY SITE:
Boundary of t d it
140
160
180
m)
Fresno
study site
40
60
80
100
120
Prec
ipita
tion
(mm
0
20
Jan
Feb Mar AprMay Jun Jul Aug Sep OctNov Dec
25The major PFTs at the site include C3 grasses (52%), needle leaf evergreen temperate trees (46%), and broadleaf deciduous temperate trees (2%)
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Without HR With HR
L1
L2
Mid-Night
Mid-Day MeanL1
L2
Mid-Night
Mid-Day
Mean
L3
L4
L5
ndex
L3
L4
L5
ndex
L6
L7
L8 Soil
Lay
er I
n
L6
L7
L8 Soil
Lay
er I
n
L9
L10
L11
S
L9
L10
L11S
0 0.2 0.4
L11
L12
0 0.2 0.4 0 0.2 0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4
L11
L12
-0.2 0 0.2 0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4
26Uptake (mm/day) Uptake (mm/day)
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( y)Without HR With HRy
L1
L2
WetSeason[Jan]
DrySeason
[Jul]
MeanL1
L2
WetSeason[Jan]
DrySeason
[Jul]
Mean
L3
L4
L5dex
L3
L4
L5dex
L6
L7
L8oil L
ayer
Ind
L6
L7
L8Soil
Lay
er I
n
L8
L9
L10
So
L9
L10
L11
S
-0.5 0 0.5 1
L11
L12
-0.5 0 0.5 1 -0.5 0 0.5 10 0.2 0.4
L11
L12
0 0.2 0.4 0 0.2 0.4
27
Uptake (mm/day)Uptake (mm/day)
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20051979
1979 2005
2820051979
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Comparison of simulated and observed latent heat flux for the Sierra Nevada studysite for the different simulation cases.
29
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Vegetation C and N Cycling
Examine effects of hydraulic redistribution (HR) on:
– vertical patterns of C and N– NO3
- leachingNO3 leaching – Mineral N uptake
Canopy litter deposition
Root Distribution
Mineral N (NH4
+ and NO3-)
productionH2ON Upake
Root litter deposition
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Nutrient Dynamics
Canopy-Atmosphere Exchange of CO2, latent and sensible heat:
Canopy-Top Forcing:
NEE LE
SW down Ta
VPD LE H
VPD Ca U
ImmobilizationSoil moisture
SOM Pools
Mineral N
Litter Deposition
Mineral N UptakeSoil moisture transport and passive redistribution
Mineralization
Leaching 31
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Subsurface Carbon & Nitrogen Cycling
H2O N
QNH4
+QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressorare needed to see this picture.
4NO3
-
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Subsurface Carbon & Nitrogen Cycling
Organic matter decomposition and mineral NOrganic matter decomposition and mineral N uptake are functions of , TsH2O N
Soil Moisture
NH4+
No HR
HR
NO3-
Soil Moisture Limitation for Decomposition
No HR
HR
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“HR” vs “NO HR”: N Uptake and Leaching
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“HR” vs “NO HR”: N Uptake and Leaching
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SummarySummary
• Multilayer vegetation-soil-nutrient modelMultilayer vegetation soil nutrient model incorporating deep rooting and hydraulic redistributionredistribution.
• Model designed to capture transient behavior in energy water and nutrientbehavior in energy, water and nutrient dynamics arising from alteration in biophysical response due to elevation inbiophysical response due to elevation in CO2 and temperature
36