Download - Creep Testing @ Www.07 Met.Tk
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Creep Testing
All About Metallurgical & Materials EngineeringDownload This & More Stuff @ WWW.07MET.TK
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• Creep is a time-dependent deformation of a material while under an applied load that is below its yield strength.
• It is most often occurs at elevated temperature, but some materials creep at room temperature.
• Creep terminates in rupture if steps are not taken to bring to a halt
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• Creep in service is usually affected by changing conditions of loading and temperature
• The number of possible stress-temperature-time combinations is infinite.
• The creep mechanisms is often different between metals, plastics, rubber, concrete.
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Creep
• Time dependent deformation under an applied load.
• Metals/alloys do not exhibit time dependent deformation under normal service condition.
• Metals subjected to a constant load at elevated temperatures will undergo a time dependent increase in length.
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Homologous Temperatures
• The high and low temperature are relative to the absolute melting temperature of the material.
• Homologous temperatures of more than 0.5 of melting T is of engineering significance.
• Metal Melting temp. 0.5xMelting Temp• Lead 327oC 600oK 327oK 27oC• W 3407 3680 1840 1567
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Creep curve
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creep rate
• The rate of deformation of a sample is known as the creep rate. It is the slope created by the creep v. time.
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Creep stages
• the primary creep starts at a rapid rate and slows with time;
• the secondary creep has a relatively uniform rate;
• the tertiary creep has an accelerated creep rate and terminates when the material breaks or ruptures.
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High Temperature Mechanical Test
• High temperature Tensile Test
• Creep Test:
• Stress rupture Test
• High temperature Tensile Test: Similar to short term room temperature test-completed in few minutes and provide stress versus strain curve.
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Creep test
• Measure dimensional changes accurately at constant high temperature and constant load or stress.
• Useful for long term applications which are strain limited.
• such as turbine blade.
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Creep Test
• Measure strain verses time at constant T and Load.
• Relatively low loads and creep rate
• Long duration 2000 to 10,000 hours.
• Not always fracture.
• Strain typically less than .5%.
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• Stress Rupture PropertiesStress rupture testing is similar to creep testing except that the stresses are higher than those used in a creep testing.
• Stress rupture tests are used to determine the time necessary to produce failure.
• Stress rupture testing is always done until failure. • Data is plotted as log-log. • A straight line or best fit curve is usually obtained at
each temperature of interest. • This information can then be used to extrapolate time to
failure for longer times.
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Stress rupture Data On log-log scale
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Stress rupture Test
• Measure time to failure at specified stress and temperature.
• Useful for applications where some strain can be tolerated but failure must be avoided.
• such as large furnace housings.
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Stress rupture Test
• Measure stress verses time to rupture at constant temperature.
• Higher load and creep rate.
• Shorter duration, less than 1000 hours.
• Always to fracture
• Time and strain to fracture measured.
• Strain typically up to 50%.
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Creep testing
• Creep generally occurs at elevated temperatures, so it is common for this type of testing to be performed with an environmental chamber for precise heating/cooling control.
• Temperature control is critical to minimize the effects of thermal expansion on the sample.
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How to Perform a Creep Test?
• The unloaded specimen is first heated to the required T and the gage length is measured.
• The predetermined load is applied quickly without shock.
• Measurement of the extension are observed at frequent interval.
• Average of about 50 readings should be taken.
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Creep parameter
• To predict the stress and time for long lives on the basis of much shorter data.
• Plant life 30 to 40 years(260000,35000 hrs)
• While creep data is not available beyond lives of more than 30000 hrs.
• Larson Miller Parameter
• Manson Hafford parameter
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• To determine stress-relaxation of a material, the specimen is deformed a given amount and decrease in stress is recorded over prolonged period of exposure at constant elevated temperature. The stress-relaxation rate is the slope of the curve at any point.
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All About Metallurgical & Materials EngineeringDownload This & More Stuff @ WWW.07MET.TK