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Crisis Care San Diego, California
Dale Walker, MD Oregon Health and Science University
The American Indian/Alaska Native National Resource Center for Substance Abuse
and Mental Health Services
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For more information, contact us at503-494-3703
E-mail Dale Walker, [email protected]
Or visit our website:
www.oneskycenter.org
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Crisis CareCrisis Intervention:
> Focus on immediate emotional support> The person’s resources for coping have failed> The design of your intervention is to assist in coping
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Critical Incident Stress:> Reactions to a “stressor”> Could be during> Could be after
Crisis Care
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Defusing:> On-scene intervention> Help client to vent feelings> Begin the task of starting coping strategies> Begin the task of reducing stress
Crisis Care
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Debriefing:> Organized approach by mental health professionals> Supportive of the disaster workers who had helped in the time of crisis> Usually done towards the end to bring closure to their experiences
Crisis Care
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Loss, Grief, and Mourning
• Grief is both an ADAPTIVE and a NORMAL process.
• NORMAL: Because it is a reaction that helps us confront the loss.
• ADAPTIVE: Because, while it is painful to go through, it can be productive in that we learn something through it.
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Stages of Grief• DENIAL• ANGER• BARGAINING• DEPRESSION• ACCEPTANCE
NOTE: People MAY go through these and they may go through them differently
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Stages of Grief
Typical reactions: Drained of energy, purpose, and faith. Feel like they are “dead.” Mistake denial for recovery (too quick) Focus only on the LOSS, not their recovery Can’t focus on working through the grief, because
of “all the other things” that must be done. Re-experience emotions at the “anniversary," and
other tribal times
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Stages of DisasterThe community response in grief.• HEROIC: From impact to about one week out.• HONEYMOON: Lasts several weeks and there is a
sense of the community “pulling together.”• DISILLUSIONMENT: One month to even a couple of
years. Hype is gone and questions are unanswered.• RECONSTRUCTION: Final stage with realization of
what has been experienced and what they can do to restore the community.
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Symptoms of trauma
Vary related to age, background, prior history of personal trauma.
May apply to BOTH, victims and trauma workers.
Many of these expressions are suggestive of the fact the trauma has not been handled well.
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Symptoms of trauma
Phobias Exaggerated startle
response Hyper-vigilance Encounter
“reminders” Memory problems Anger, rage
Nightmares Report stress Depression Anxiety Preoccupation with
“death,” “injury,” and “separation.”
Avoidance reactions
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Providing Support
The 6 “T’s”Tears It’s Ok to cryTouch Hand or shoulder, supportive
(Always ask first!)Talk With you, family, friendsTrust Be non-judgmentalToil It will take work, but not to
rushTime Recovery takes time, so
you must take time to be with them
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Helping Children/Teenagers
Children: Birth to 5 years oldfear of being separated from parentcryingscreamingregressive behaviorsclinging behaviors
NOTE: How the parent reacts will strongly influence how the child will react at this age.
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Helping Children/Teenagers
Children: 6-12 yearswithdrawal and depressiondisruptive behaviorsregressive behaviorsirrational fears or guiltrefusal to attend schoolanger and fightingbodily complaints and symptoms
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Helping Children/Teenagers
Adolescents: 12-17 years oldadult-like symptomsemotional numbingsuicidal thoughts and depressionconfusion and memory problemsfeelings of “they could have stopped it”isolationavoidance and/or substance abuse
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Helping Children/Teenagers
Create a sense of “safety.” Use multiple reassurances. Convey you understand what they are feeling. Convey it is “normal” to feel that way. Talking about the feelings and a return to
normal. Keep families together as much as possible. Don’t criticize for “babyish” behaviors. Use the 6 T’s.
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Helping Children/Teenagers
Encourage that they “take control.” Parents need to care for themselves, in order
to care for the children. Don’t rush back to the routine, thinking it will
“get their minds off of it.” Hold meetings with leaders in the community,
schools, and churches to create awareness and networking.
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Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
• Using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual1. Witnessed, experienced, or confronted with
trauma2. Intense fear, helplessness, or horror in their
response3. Re-experiencing4. Avoidance5. Persistent symptoms (many already
discussed)
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PTSD-continued
• Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies.• Group Therapy can be used.• Trauma/Grief-focused psychotherapy is being
used, as well.