Critical Cause Analysis of Delayed Evacuation in the Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami
1
IRDR International Conference, Beijing1 November, 2011
Junko SagaraCTI Engineering Co., Ltd. Japan
ICHARM International Centre for Water Hazard Risk Management under the auspices of UNESCO
2
Forensic Investigation onForensic Investigation onGreat East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami (GEJET) Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami (GEJET)
Meta & Longitudinal Analysis Characteristics of tsunami fatalities and
losses Comparison with historical events
Critical Cause Analysis Analysis of critical causes for human
loss expansion caused by delayed evacuation
Preparation of a question list for human loss vulnerability evaluation
Scenario Analysis Estimation of damages and losses
caused by tsunami of a similar magnitude to GEJET in central Japan.
Identification of issues and proposal of measures to tsunami of an unexpected magnitude
ObjectivesObjectives Preliminary effort to conduct FORIN analysis of Great East Japan
Earthquake and Tsunami. Investigate how the delay in evacuation from tsunami occurred,
and how it lead to enormous human losses. Identify critical points for considering vulnerability of communities
against human losses caused by delayed evacuation from tsunami.
1. Overview of the Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami (GEJET)2. Critical causes analysis of human losses due to delayed evacuation3. Case Study of Rikuzentakata4. Conclusion
3
Outline
1. Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami (GEJET)1. Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami (GEJET) M9.0 earthquake occurred on
March 11, 2011 at 14:46 Massive ground motion was
observed throughout Japan Mega-tsunami of about 1,000
year return period and subsidence led to enormous damages
Complex disaster (earthquake, tsunami, nuclear accident)
Historic Tsunami Events in the region◦ 1897: [M8.5] 21,959 dead◦ 1933: [M8.1] 3,064 dead or
missing
4
Japan Meteorological Agency
Seismic Intensity
Iwate
Miyagi
Fukushima
Hirono(0)
Kuji(4)Noda(38)
Fudai(1)Tanohata(31)
Iwaizumi(7)Tarou(180)
Miyako(362)
Yamada(823)Otsuchi(1,397)Kamaishi(1,091)
Ofunato(452)Rikuzentakata(1,951)
Kesennuma(1,405)
Minamisanriku(901)Ishinomaki(3,959)Onagawa(963)
Higashimatsushima(1,145)Matsushima(2)
Rifu(50)Shiogama(21)Tagajou(189) Shichigahama(71)
Miyagino-ku, Sendai(293)
Wakabayashi-ku, Sendai(332)Taihaku-ku, Sendai(53) Natori(984)
Iwanuma(184)Watari(270)Yamamoto(691)Shinchi(110)Soma(459)
Minamisoma(663)Namie(184)Futaba(35)Okuma(81)Tomioka(25)Naraha(13)Hirono(3)
Iwaki(347)
Overview of DamagesOverview of Damages Inundated area by tsunami : 561km2
Human casualties: 15,829 dead, 3,745 missing, 5,942 injured (as of Oct 25)
Building damages: 118,790 completely destroyed, 184,343 half destroyed, 280 burned down, 10,961 inundated (above floor), 13,867 inundated (below floor)
Agricultural land losses: 23,600ha Direct damages to infrastructure stock
: approx. 16.9 trillion yen (US$200 billion, estimated by cabinet office, not including damages caused by nuclear accident)
5Fire and Disaster Management Agency (As of Sept 9, 2011)
National Police Agency ( As of Oct 25, 2011)2011 White Paper on Disaster Management
Dead or Missing
1~9
10~99
100~499
500~999
1000~
Human losses in coastal municipalities
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Population ofIwate, Miyagi & Fukushima
(As of Oct 2010)
People killed in the GEJET(As of 8 Aug 2011)
0~910~1920~2930~3940~4950~5960~6970~7980~
Human LossesHuman Losses 92.4% of people died in Iwate, Miyagi and Fukushima lost their
lives due to tsunami.
6
Tsunami was the main cause of death
Death causes in GEJET(Iwate, Miyagi & Fukushima)
Age structure of population and people died in GEJET( Iwate, Miyagi & Fukushima )
65% of fatalities were 60 years or older
Source: 2011 White paper on disaster management
Tsunami92.4 %
Fire 1.1%
Crushed by buildings, etc
4.4%Unknown 2%
2. Critical cause analysis of human losses due to 2. Critical cause analysis of human losses due to delayed evacuationdelayed evacuation
7
Why were so many people not able to escape from the tsunami? Why were so many people not able to escape from the tsunami?
Strong ground motion (seismic intensity of 6 or greater)
Large tsunami attack could have been conceivable by people?
Quake occurred during the day. 30 minutes to 2 hours of time available before tsunami arrived.
Evacuation actions could have been easily taken?
Tohoku region (especially Iwate) have experienced tsunami disasters repeatedly in the past
Lessons learned in the past not effectively utilized?
Coastal levees had been constructed along much of the coast line
Misperception about tsunami safety existed (people thought tsunami disaster will never occur)?
The critical points for human losses and delayed evacuation were analyzed by reviewing various reports published after GEJET.The critical points for human losses and delayed evacuation were analyzed by reviewing various reports published after GEJET.
0 5 10 15 20 25
Hirono(0.0)Kuji(0.1)
Noda(1.2)Fudai(0.1)
Tanohata(2.0)Iwaizumi(0.6)Tarou(13.5)Miyako(2.4)Yamada(7.2)Otsuchi(11.7)Kamaishi(8.3)Ofunato(2.4)
Rikuzentakata(11.7)Kesennuma(3.5)
Minamisanriku(6.3)Ishinomaki(3.5)Onagawa(12.0)
Higashimatsushima(3.4)Matsushima(0.0)Shiogama(0.1)
Shichigahama(0.8)Sendai(2.4)Natori(8.1)
Iwanuma(2.3)Watari(1.9)
Yamamoto(7.7)Shinchi(2.4)Soma(4.4)
Minamisoma(5.0)Namie(5.5)Futaba(2.7)Okuma(7.2)
Tomioka(1.8)Naraha(0.7)Hirono(0.2)Iwaki(1.1)
(m)
design levee heightcurrent levee heighttsunam
i trace height
Magnitude of Tsunami in GEJETMagnitude of Tsunami in GEJET
8
Otsuchi: levee height 6.4m, tsunami height 12.9mOtsuchi: levee height 6.4m, tsunami height 12.9m
Rikuzentakata: levee height 6.15m, tsunami height 16.4mRikuzentakata: levee height 6.15m, tsunami height 16.4m
Onagawa: levee height 4.4m, tsunami height 15.9mOnagawa: levee height 4.4m, tsunami height 15.9m
Tsunami height exceeded twice the height of coastal levees
Tsunami height exceeded twice the height of coastal levees
※ levee height and tsunami trace height near the levee in front of the coastal cities and towns were plotted from the maps produced by the Tohoku regional bureau of MLIT.
(Number of fatalities & missing) / (population in inundated area)
% of people died or missing in inundated area
Tarou: levee height 10m, tsunami height 15.5m, run-up height approx. 38m
Tarou: levee height 10m, tsunami height 15.5m, run-up height approx. 38m
Iwate
Miyagi
Fukushima
Fire and Disaster Management Agency (As of Sept 9, 2011)
0~1 %
1~3 %
3~5 %
5~10 %
10 % <
Effectiveness of Structural MeasuresEffectiveness of Structural Measures
9
Coastal levee (T.P.+12.0m ) was higher than the tsunami height (tsunami run-up height T.P.+9.5m)
Hirono, Iwate
Source: The Expert Panel on Earthquake and Tsunami Countermeasures in Light of the Lessons Learned from the 2011 Tohoku-Pacific Ocean Earthquake
Structural measures proved to be effective and protected lives in certain areas
City located far from the coast was protected by the gate.
Fudai, Iwate
No inundationTown center
Inundated area
Fudai Gate
Fudai Gate
Upstream of the gate
Levee height T.P.+12.0m
Tsunami height T.P.+9.5m
Estimated overflow depth 7.2m
Inundation height near the gate T.P.+22.6m
Gate height T.P.+15.5m
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
14%
16%
-10 -5 0 5 10 15
% human loss in inundated area
Tsunami height - Levee height (m)
Effectiveness of Structural MeasuresEffectiveness of Structural Measures The greater the tsunami height compared to the levee height the
greater the human losses. Many other factors influenced the extent or severity of human losses .
10
TaroTaro
OnagawaOnagawa
OtsuchiOtsuchi RikuzentakataRikuzentakata
Tanohata(urban center located far from the coast)
Tanohata(urban center located far from the coast)
※ levee height and tsunami trace height near the levee in front of the coastal cities and towns were plotted from the maps produced by the Tohoku regional bureau of MLIT. % Human loss based on the data announced on Sept 9 2011 by the Fire and disaster Management Agency
Flow of Human Losses due to delay in evacuationFlow of Human Losses due to delay in evacuation
11
self-judged
quakequake
Critical Point 1Immediate recognition of necessity to evacuate
Flow of human losses due to delay in evacuation in case of tsunami to identify the critical points for human loss expansion. Flow of human losses due to delay in evacuation in case of tsunami to identify the critical points for human loss expansion.
Warning not accessibleWarning not accessible
Warning accessible
Critical Point 2Accurate evacuation warning/information
Did not evacuateDid not evacuate
info-reactive
follow others
Evacuated
Critical Point 3Evacuation actions
Arrived at evacuation
shelters
Did not arrive at evacuation
shelters
Did not arrive at evacuation
shelters
Critical Point 4Obstacles during evacuation
Evacuation shelter not stricken by
tsunami
Evacuation shelter
stricken by tsunami
Evacuation shelter
stricken by tsunami
Critical Point 5Safety of evacuation shelters
Escaped from
tsunami
Caught by tsunami
Caught by tsunami
Critical Point 6Detection of danger and progressive evacuation
Fundamental action to be taken by people
CP1 Immediate recognition of necessity to evacuateCP1 Immediate recognition of necessity to evacuate
12
self-judged
quakequake
Evacuated
57%31%
11% 1%
TotalN=870
Immediately evacuated
Evacuated after completing other
actions
Evacuated only after noticing that
tsunami was approaching
Did not evacuate(already in safe
area)
Timing of Evacuation
Source: The Expert Panel on Earthquake and Tsunami Countermeasures in Light of the Lessons Learned from the 2011 Tohoku-Pacific Ocean Earthquake
About half of the people who survived tsunami evacuated immediately after the earthquake. About half of the people who survived tsunami evacuated immediately after the earthquake.
Critical Point 1Immediate recognition of necessity to evacuate
CP1 Immediate recognition of necessity to evacuateCP1 Immediate recognition of necessity to evacuate
13
self-judged
quakequake
Evacuated
People who evacuated only after noticing that tsunami was approaching didn’t evacuate immediately because “tsunami didn’t occur in past earthquakes” or “tsunami never came up to their mind” 1※
In Miyagi, about half of the people survived thought tsunami wouldn’t come or didn’t think about tsunami. Only 4% had seen tsunami hazard maps. 2※
Source: ※1: The Expert Panel on Earthquake and Tsunami Countermeasures in Light of the Lessons Learned from the 2011 Tohoku-Pacific Ocean Earthquake※2: Survey Research Center “ 宮城県沿岸部における被災地アンケート” May 2011
Critical Point 1Immediate recognition of necessity to evacuate
Even among those who survived, many were not aware of tsunami risks. Even among those who survived, many were not aware of tsunami risks.
CP1 Immediate recognition of necessity to evacuateCP1 Immediate recognition of necessity to evacuate
14
self-judged
quakequake
Evacuated
Many of the people that didn’t immediately evacuate were out of their homes. Instead of evacuating they went back home or went out to look for their families. 1※
The disaster occurred during the day time when family members were scattered. People worried about the safety of their family and moved immediately to get together with their family members. 2※
Source: ※1: The Expert Panel on Earthquake and Tsunami Countermeasures in Light of the Lessons Learned from the 2011 Tohoku-Pacific Ocean Earthquake※2: Survey Research Center “ 宮城県沿岸部における被災地アンケート” May 2011
Critical Point 1Immediate recognition of necessity to evacuate
Because the tsunami occurred during the day, many were away from home. Instead of evacuating people went searching for their family members.
Because the tsunami occurred during the day, many were away from home. Instead of evacuating people went searching for their family members.
CP1 Immediate recognition of necessity to evacuateCP1 Immediate recognition of necessity to evacuate
15
self-judged
quakequake
Evacuated
Source: ※1: The Expert Panel on Earthquake and Tsunami Countermeasures in Light of the Lessons Learned from the 2011 Tohoku-Pacific Ocean Earthquake※2: Survey Research Center “ 宮城県沿岸部における被災地アンケート” May 2011
Critical Point 1Immediate recognition of necessity to evacuate
Disaster education and evacuation procedures in schools proved to be very effective, saving lives of school children.
Disaster education and evacuation procedures in schools proved to be very effective, saving lives of school children.
Risk or danger of tsunami and necessity to evacuate not recognized by all people. Many prioritized actions to search for their family members over evacuation. Disaster education in schools proved very effective.
Risk or danger of tsunami and necessity to evacuate not recognized by all people. Many prioritized actions to search for their family members over evacuation. Disaster education in schools proved very effective.
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
0~4
5~9
10~14
15~19
20~24
25~29
30~34
35~39
40~44
45~49
50~54
55~59
60~64
65~69
70~74
75~79
80~84
85~89
90~94
95~99
100~
% Human loss in inundated area
Iwate
Miyako
Ofunato
Rikuzentakata
Kamaishi
Otsuchi
Yamada
Very small human loss rate in ages of 5 to 14
CP2: Accurate evacuation informationCP2: Accurate evacuation information
16
self-judged
quakequake
Critical Point 1Immediate recognition of necessity to evacuate
Warning not accessibleWarning not accessible
Warning accessible
Critical Point 2Accurate evacuation warning/information
Evacuated
Average time required to obtain tsunami warning or advisory was 16.4 minutes. 1※
In tsunami prone areas 13% did not know that tsunami warning was announced. 1※
Many of usual communication methods became inaccessible due to power outage, overwhelmed phone lines, etc 2※
Underestimated preliminary forecast was misinterpreted as “safe”. 3※
Due to power outage, updated information was not accessible. 3※
Source:※1 weathernews “Survey Results of Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami” ( April 2011 )※2 Crisis and Environment Management Policy Institute “Preliminary Report on the Survey on Tohoku Pacific Ocean Earthquake and Tsunami” (May 2011)※3 Japan Meteorological Agency “Issues with regard to improvement of tsunami warning “ (June 2011)
Accurate and most up-to-date tsunami warning information was not accessible for many people due to power outage, etc.
Underestimated preliminary forecast lead to misconception that it is “safe”.
Accurate and most up-to-date tsunami warning information was not accessible for many people due to power outage, etc.
Underestimated preliminary forecast lead to misconception that it is “safe”.
CP3: Evacuation actionsCP3: Evacuation actions
17
self-judged
quakequake
Critical Point 1Immediate recognition of necessity to evacuate
Warning not accessibleWarning not accessible
Warning accessible
Critical Point 2Accurate evacuation warning/information
Did not evacuateDid not evacuate
info-reactive
follow others
Evacuated
Critical Point 3Evacuation actions
In average it took 17 minutes to begin evacuation. Almost 80% evacuated with others, 53% with their family members. 1※
Among people who heard evacuation warnings clearly from disaster management radio, 70 to 80% felt the necessity to evacuate. 2※
Many people lost their lives while convincing or guiding other people to evacuate, including over 300 fire and disaster department staffs, fire fighters and police officers delivering evacuation warnings or guiding evacuation. 3※
Source:※1: The Expert Panel on Earthquake and Tsunami Countermeasures in Light of the Lessons Learned from the 2011 Tohoku-Pacific Ocean Earthquake※2: Survey Research Center “ 宮城県沿岸部における被災地アンケート” May 2011※3: Fire and Disaster Management Agency, National Police Agency
Evacuation warnings and evacuation advices by neighbors and families triggered evacuation actions for many people.
Evacuation warnings and evacuation advices by neighbors and families triggered evacuation actions for many people.
CP4: Obstacles during evacuationCP4: Obstacles during evacuation
18
self-judged
quakequake
Critical Point 1Immediate recognition of necessity to evacuate
Warning not accessibleWarning not accessible
Warning accessible
Critical Point 2Accurate evacuation warning/information
Did not evacuateDid not evacuate
info-reactive
follow others
Evacuated
Critical Point 3Evacuation actions
Arrived at evacuation
shelters
Did not arrive at evacuation
shelters
Did not arrive at evacuation
shelters
Critical Point 4Obstacles during evacuation
60% evacuated by cars and 1/3 were caught in traffic.
1※
Many used cars because they thought otherwise they wouldn’t make it, or they wanted to evacuate with family members. 1※
In Miyagi, many people older than 60 or women used cars. Among those caught in traffic, only 7.3% changed the mean of transportation. 2※
Source:※1: The Expert Panel on Earthquake and Tsunami Countermeasures in Light of the Lessons Learned from the 2011 Tohoku-Pacific Ocean Earthquake※2: Survey Research Center “ 宮城県沿岸部における被災地アンケート” May 2011
Many evacuated using cars and got trapped in traffic. Many evacuated using cars and got trapped in traffic.
CP4: Obstacles during evacuationCP4: Obstacles during evacuation
19
self-judged
quakequake
Critical Point 1Immediate recognition of necessity to evacuate
Warning not accessibleWarning not accessible
Warning accessible
Critical Point 2Accurate evacuation warning/information
Did not evacuateDid not evacuate
info-reactive
follow others
Evacuated
Critical Point 3Evacuation actions
Arrived at evacuation
shelters
Did not arrive at evacuation
shelters
Did not arrive at evacuation
shelters
Critical Point 4Obstacles during evacuation
Source:Asahi NewspaperIwaizumi Town Paper (April 2011)
Evacuation routes played big role in securing safety of people, especially school children.
Evacuation routes played big role in securing safety of people, especially school children.
Emergency route from Omoto Elementary School to national route highway
Emergency route from the second floor of Okirai Elementary School
Use of cars during evacuation caused traffic congestion and many got trapped. Pre-installed tsunami emergency routes in schools proved very effective. Use of cars during evacuation caused traffic congestion and many got trapped. Pre-installed tsunami emergency routes in schools proved very effective.
CP5: Safety of evacuation sheltersCP5: Safety of evacuation shelters
20
self-judged
quakequake
Critical Point 1Immediate recognition of necessity to evacuate
Warning not accessibleWarning not accessible
Warning accessible
Critical Point 2Accurate evacuation warning/information
Did not evacuateDid not evacuate
info-reactive
follow others
Evacuated
Critical Point 3Evacuation actions
Arrived at evacuation
shelters
Did not arrive at evacuation
shelters
Did not arrive at evacuation
shelters
Critical Point 4Obstacles during evacuation
Evacuation shelter not stricken by
tsunami
Evacuation shelter
stricken by tsunami
Evacuation shelter
stricken by tsunami
Critical Point 5Safety of evacuation shelters
In 11 cities of Iwate prefecture 48 evacuation shelters out of 411 were inundated. 1※
In Onagawa Town, reinforced concrete buildings often used as evacuation shelters were collapsed from the foundation. 2※
Source:※1 Kahoku Shinpo (April 14, 2011)※2 Japanese Society of Civil Engineers Emergency Investigation Group Report
Safety (location and structural) of evacuation shelters was insufficient in some cases
Safety (location and structural) of evacuation shelters was insufficient in some cases
CP6: Detection of danger and progressive evacuationCP6: Detection of danger and progressive evacuation
21
Many evacuated to safer location regardless of the designated shelters.Many evacuated to safer location regardless of the designated shelters.
self-judged
quakequake
Critical Point 1Immediate recognition of necessity to evacuate
Warning not accessibleWarning not accessible
Warning accessible
Critical Point 2Accurate evacuation warning/information
Did not evacuateDid not evacuate
info-reactive
follow others
Evacuated
Critical Point 3Evacuation actions
Arrived at evacuation
shelters
Did not arrive at evacuation
shelters
Did not arrive at evacuation
shelters
Critical Point 4Obstacles during evacuation
Evacuation shelter not stricken by
tsunami
Evacuation shelter
stricken by tsunami
Evacuation shelter
stricken by tsunami
Critical Point 5Safety of evacuation shelters
Escaped from
tsunami
Caught by tsunami
Caught by tsunami
Critical Point 6Detection of danger and progressive evacuation
Among those who evacuated from tsunami in Miyagi, 60.8% evacuated from the primary evacuation shelter to the next. Among them 55.5% said the first shelter was stricken by tsunami. 1※
For most people the primary evacuation shelter was “publicly designated shelter such as community centers and schools”. About 40% moved further to evacuate to higher elevation or safer facilities. 2※
Source:※1: The Expert Panel on Earthquake and Tsunami Countermeasures in Light of the Lessons Learned from the 2011 Tohoku-Pacific Ocean Earthquake※2: Survey Research Center “ 宮城県沿岸部における被災地アンケート” May 2011
Check List to assess Human Loss VulnerabilityCheck List to assess Human Loss Vulnerability
Are there ways to disseminate tsunami warnings or evacuation information?
Are there ways to disseminate information at once?
Is information accessible during power outage?
Is information disseminated received/understood by people appropriately?
Are there community efforts to promote evacuation among neighbors?
Is the safety of officers providing evacuation guidance ensured?
Is the evacuation route safety ensured?
Are people aware of the location of evacuation shelters?
Are evacuation shelters located in ways so that people can walk to shelters?
Are there emergency routes secured that ensure immediate evacuation to higher elevation?
Is the safety of evacuation shelter ensured (height & structural safety)?
In flat areas far from hills, are there safe evacuation shelters (such as tsunami evacuation buildings) designated?
Are people provided with disaster education to evacuate to safer places regardless of designated evacuation shelters?
Can the real time tsunami information be obtained to detect danger early?
Evacuated・ Self-judged
・ Info-reactive・ Following
others
Did not evacuateDid not evacuate
Arrived at evacuation
shelters
Did not arrive at evacuation
shelters
Did not arrive at evacuation
shelters
Evacuation shelter was not stricken by tsunami
Evacuation shelter stricken
by tsunami
Evacuation shelter stricken
by tsunami
Accurate evacuation information not accessible
Accurate evacuation information not accessible
Accurate evacuation information accessible
Escaped from tsunami
Caught by tsunami
Caught by tsunami
quakequake
CP1:Immediate recognition of necessity to evacuate
Is the risk of tsunami recognized from past tsunami disasters or hazard maps?
Are methods of safety confirmation among family members ensured ?
CP2:Accurate evacuation warning/info
CP3:Evacuation actions
CP4:Obstacles during evacuation
CP5:Safety of evacuation shelters
CP6:Detection of danger and progressive evacuation
Rikuzentakata City Hall
Red : Inundated Area Tsunami submerged up to 4th floor
Rikuzentakata City Hall was devastated by tsunami
Buildings destroyed 3,159Dead and missing 2,191 Inundated area 1,300haPopulation in inundated area 16,640# households in inundated area 5,592
3.3. Case Study of Rikuzentakata CityCase Study of Rikuzentakata City Approx. 2,000 persons (10% of total population) are dead or
missing in Rikuzentakata
0
50
100
150
200
250
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
0~4
5~9
10~14
15~19
20~24
25~29
30~34
35~39
40~44
45~49
50~54
55~59
60~64
65~69
70~74
75~79
80~84
85~89
90~94
95~99
100~
unknow
n
FatalitiesPopulation Rikuzentakata
Population
Population in inundated area
dead
dead or missing
Flow of Human Losses in RikuzentakataFlow of Human Losses in Rikuzentakata
24
self-judged
quakequake
Warning not accessibleWarning not accessible
Warning accessible
Did not evacuateDid not evacuate
info-reactive
follow others
EvacuatedArrived at evacuation
shelters
Did not arrive at evacuation
shelters
Did not arrive at evacuation
shelters
Evacuation shelter not stricken by
tsunami
Evacuation shelter
stricken by tsunami
Evacuation shelter
stricken by tsunami
Escaped from
tsunami
Caught by tsunami
Caught by tsunami
Lack of awareness regarding tsunami risks lead to delay in evacuation. Lack of awareness regarding tsunami risks lead to delay in evacuation.
Source:※1: 陸前高田市における東日本大震災大津波襲来時の住民行動-将来の防災へ向けて― ICHARM, UNESCAP
Only 33 out of 180 immediately evacuated. Out of 33 only 1 died. 1※
Among those who didn’t immediately evacuate half didn’t think tsunami would arrive to their location 1※
Among 147 that didn’t immediately evacuate 1/3 (42) died. 1※
Flow of Human Losses in RikuzentakataFlow of Human Losses in Rikuzentakata
25
self-judged
quakequake
Warning not accessibleWarning not accessible
Warning accessible
Did not evacuateDid not evacuate
info-reactive
follow others
EvacuatedArrived at evacuation
shelters
Did not arrive at evacuation
shelters
Did not arrive at evacuation
shelters
Evacuation shelter not stricken by
tsunami
Evacuation shelter
stricken by tsunami
Evacuation shelter
stricken by tsunami
Escaped from
tsunami
Caught by tsunami
Caught by tsunami
Safety of evacuation shelters was not secured. Safety of evacuation shelters was not secured.
Source:※1: 陸前高田市における東日本大震災大津波襲来時の住民行動-将来の防災へ向けて― ICHARM, UNESCAP
Examination of bodies indicated that many had finished evacuation or were in the midst of evacuation. 2※
Number of designated evacuation shelters were located within the inundated area and many died at the evacuation shelters. 1※
Out of 68 primary evacuation shelters 35 were inundated by tsunami. 2※
City Gymnasium was a designated evacuation center but was inundated to 14m depth. 100 persons evacuated to this facility and most of them lost their lives.
Flow of Human Losses in RikuzentakataFlow of Human Losses in Rikuzentakata
26
self-judged
quakequake
Warning not accessibleWarning not accessible
Warning accessible
Did not evacuateDid not evacuate
info-reactive
follow others
EvacuatedArrived at evacuation
shelters
Did not arrive at evacuation
shelters
Did not arrive at evacuation
shelters
Evacuation shelter not stricken by
tsunami
Evacuation shelter
stricken by tsunami
Evacuation shelter
stricken by tsunami
Escaped from
tsunami
Caught by tsunami
Caught by tsunami
Human loss of younger generations could be explained by the fact that many lost their lives at evacuation shelters upon completion of evacuation
Human loss of younger generations could be explained by the fact that many lost their lives at evacuation shelters upon completion of evacuation
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
0~4
5~9
10~14
15~19
20~24
25~29
30~34
35~39
40~44
45~49
50~54
55~59
60~64
65~69
70~74
75~79
80~84
85~89
90~94
95~99
100~
% Human loss in inundated area
Iwate
Miyako
Ofunato
Rikuzentakata
Kamaishi
Otsuchi
Yamada
High % human loss of younger generations in Rikuzentakata
Critical Causes for Human Losses in RikuzentakataCritical Causes for Human Losses in Rikuzentakata Lack of awareness regarding tsunami risks ◦Hazard maps◦Urban development in areas of high tsunami risks (revealed by
Meta Analysis) Inappropriate designation of evacuation shelters
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4.4. ConclusionConclusion The critical causes for human losses vary depending on the
physical settings and social characteristics of the communities, and the extent of tsunami prevention/preparedness measures (both structural and non-structural).
The current FORIN template is useful in obtaining the in-depth and exhaustive picture of the phenomenon of the disaster and its impact. But to do this in full scale it would require much time and resources.
In order to identify critical causes or bottlenecks for certain area, utilization of hierarchical check list as prepared in this study could be useful.
An investigation sheet consisting of check list can be prepared for different entities (administrator, community, general public, etc. ) to measure their vulnerability against disasters. Such tool could assist identifying weakness or necessity for future measures.
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Thank you very much
Example of human loss vulnerability review sheet (municipality)Example of human loss vulnerability review sheet (municipality)
Are there ways to disseminate tsunami warnings or evacuation information?
Are there ways to disseminate information at once?
Is information accessible during power outage?
Is information disseminated received/understood by people appropriately?
Are there community efforts to promote evacuation among neighbors?
Is the safety of officers providing evacuation guidance ensured?
Is the evacuation route safety ensured?
Are people aware of the location of evacuation shelters?
Are evacuation shelters located in ways so that people can walk to shelters?
Are there emergency routes secured that ensure immediate evacuation to higher elevation?
Is the safety of evacuation shelter ensured (height & structural safety)?
In flat areas far from hills, are there safe evacuation shelters (such as tsunami evacuation buildings) designated?
Are people provided with disaster education to evacuate to safer places regardless of designated evacuation shelters?
Can the real time tsunami information be obtained to detect danger early?
Evacuated・ Self-judged
・ Info-reactive・ Following
others
Did not evacuateDid not evacuate
Arrived at evacuation
shelters
Did not arrive at evacuation
shelters
Did not arrive at evacuation
shelters
Evacuation shelter was not stricken by tsunami
Evacuation shelter stricken
by tsunami
Evacuation shelter stricken
by tsunami
Accurate evacuation information not accessible
Accurate evacuation information not accessible
Accurate evacuation information accessible
Escaped from tsunami
Caught by tsunami
Caught by tsunami
quakequake
CP1:Immediate recognition of necessity to evacuate
Is a tsunami hazard map being prepared?
Are there programs implemented to enhance disaster awareness of residents?
Is disaster awareness education provided at schools?
CP2:Accurate evacuation warning/info
CP3:Evacuation actions
CP4:Obstacles during evacuation
CP5:Safety of evacuation shelters
CP6:Detection of danger and progressive evacuation
Is a tsunami hazard map being prepared appropriately?
Are there programs implemented to enhance disaster awareness of residents (evacuation drills, etc)?
Is disaster awareness education provided at schools?
Additional Suggestions to FORIN Question ListAdditional Suggestions to FORIN Question List In the GEJET many infrastructure services were impacted in enormous
scale. Propagation of damages among infrastructure and its impact to socio economic activities are critical issue.
By knowing critical points in damage propagation, effective measures could be implemented to mitigate propagation of damages and to minimizing extent of impacts.
Further questions could be added to the FORIN Questions List. ◦ What were the consequences of breakdown or malfunctioning of
infrastructure networks (e.g., electricity, water supply, sewerage, transportation, communication, health services, educational services, etc) ?
◦ How did the effect on an infrastructure network propagate to another infrastructure network?
◦ How were the economic activities of the affected area impacted and how did it propagate to other areas/regions?
◦ What actions were taken in order to compensate the infrastructure or service network failure .
◦ How were the infrastructure or service networks restored?
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