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Crusades
Military Expeditions aimed at reclaiming the Holy Land from the
Muslims
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Nine Total
Eight plus a Children’s Crusade
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Causes
Contributing
Immediate
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Contributing Factors
Feudalism
Chivalry
Religious Idealism
Weakening of Byzantine Empire
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Immediate Causes
• Conquests by Seljuk Turks
• Byzantine Emperor’s call for help
• Pope’s ambition to reunite Christendom
• Pope’s appeal to Christian knights
• Knight’s religious zeal and earthly ambitions
• Italian cities desire for commercial power
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Urban IIgbgm-umc.org/umw/bible/images/urban.jpg
• Pope, upon learning of Byzantine Emperor’s distress calls Western Christians to arms
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First Crusade
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Facts of 1st Crusade
• Begin 1096 through 1099• Two parts:
– People’s Crusade – almost all Christians killed– Knights army – capture Jerusalem on July 15, 1099
• Thousands of Muslims and Jews slaughtered in Jerusalem and on way to Jerusalem
• The Turks will eventually reclaim Jerusalem
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Second Crusade
1147-1149
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2nd Crusade Facts
• 1147-1149
• Crusaders, led by King Louis VII of France and German king Conrad II, once again attempt to claim Jerusalem but failed
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Third Crusade
1189-1192
Also called the Kings’ Crusades
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Three Crusader Kings
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King Richard “the Lionhearted”www.carpenoctem.tv/img/lionhearted.jpg
• English• Only king to finish
crusade
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King Phillip IIhome.austarnet.com.au/dfgoonan/Phil2Aug.jpg
• French• Had quarrel with
Richard and went home to seize French lands from the English
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Frederick Barbarossaupload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/53/Barbarossa.jpg
• Holy Roman Emperor• Falls from his horse
and drowns
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Saladinmembers.at.infoseek.co.jp/isariya/saladin.jpg
• Son of Nur ad_din• United Muslims of Egypt
and Syria• Defeats Crusaders• Considered chivalrous by
Richard• Richard and Saladin sign
Three-year truce– Christians could enter
Jerusalem freely
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Fourth Crusade
1202-1204
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Innocent IIIwww.flholocaustmuseum.org/history_wing/assets/room1/pope_innocent_iii.jpg
• Led 4th Crusade• Crusaders will attack
and loot Christian cities of Zadar and Constantinople
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Children’s Crusade
20,000 German set out for Jerusalem – Many died of hunger crossing Alps – Some went home – other were sold
into slavery
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Other Crusades
Mostly aimed at Islamic cities in Northern Africa and Egypt
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Effects of Crusades
Immediate
Long Term
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Immediate Effects
Temporary land gains in Palestine
Sack of Constantinople
Temporary gain in papal prestige
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Long-Term Effects
• Decline of papal prestige
• Decline of feudal power
• Increase in monarchs’ power
• Increased religious intolerance
• Expansion of trade by Italian cities