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Cryptosporidiosis in Dogs in Kampala:
Prevalence, Associated Risk Factors and
Public Health Implication
Authors:Patrick Mawadri, Eddie Ekakoro and
Patrick Vudriko.
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CONTENT
Introduction
Methodology
Results and Discussion
Conclusions and recommendations
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• Cryptosporidiosis is an important Zoonotic disease occuring in over 170 different hosts species, caused by opportunistic protozoans of the genus Cryptosporidium
Introduction
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• It presents a global health problem due to its zoonotic nature and waterborne and food borne transmissions, (Graczyk et al., 1997)
• Cryptosporidiosis is most severe in immuno-compromised individuals where it presents with chronic debilitating diarrhea and death terminally (Dubey and Greene, 2006; Katagiri and Oliveira, 2008).
Introduction cont’
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• The most important sources for human infection are;
contaminated drinking and recreational water, food, HOUSEHOLD ANIMALS infected people
(Dillingham et al., 2002).
Introduction cont’
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• Stray and domesticated dogs in many countries worldwide harbor Cryptosporidium (Ministerio et al., 2004).
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Developing countries
Urban areas
Close proximity to dogs
Increased risk of D’se transmission
(Traub et al., 2005)
Lack of zoonoticawareness
Introduction cont’
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Introduction cont’• The Cryptosporidium species associated with canines include;
– Cryptosporidium parvum, – C. canis, and – C. muris (Franco et al., 2001).
• Human Cryptosporidiosis is caused by; Cryptosporidium parvum, C. hominis, C. suis, C. canis, C. felis, C. meleagridis and C. muris (Caccio et al, 2005; Xiao and Ryan, 2004).
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• Though;
– Small Animal Clinicians in Uganda have associated some
cases of gastro-enteritis in dogs to Cryptosporidiosis, and
– Sporadic cases of Cryptosporidiosis have been diagnosed
in CDL of CoVAB in MAK,
• No information about the prevalence
Introduction cont’
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• Thus, this research was aimed at studying the prevalence of Cryptosporidiosis in dogs and the associated risk factors
Introduction cont’
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Materials and Methods• Study area: Kampala; 3 Vet Clinics (CoVAB Clinic, KVS and
Vetlove)
• Study population: Dogs brought from within Kampala for
treatment in the 3 Clinics
• Sample size determination:
100 dogs were sampled
N=1.962Pexp(1- Pexp)/d2 (Thrushfield et al., 2001), was used
Pexp=5% (Fontanarrosa et al., 2006)
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• Data Collection method:
Questionnaires
Faecal samples
• Faecal sample analysis method:
Zeihl-Nelseen staining technique
• Data Management and Statistical Analysis:
– The data coded and entered in to Microsoft Excel.
– Analyzed using STATA version 11.2.
– Numerical summaries, graphs and Pie Charts were obtained.
Materials and Methods cont’
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Materials and Methods cont’
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Results and Discussion
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Author(s) Prevalence Method Country
Batchelor et al., 2008
0.6% Faecal staining Britain
Overgaauw et al., 2009
8.7% Faecal staining Netherlands
Current study 36% Faecal staining Uganda
Chermette and Blondel, 1989
44.8% Immunoflourescence
France
Hamnes et al., 2007 44.1% Immunoflourescence
Norway
Titilincu et al., 2010 52.7% ELISA Romania
Even within the same species, the prevalence of cryptosporidium varies with method of diagnosis used as well as geographical location (Hammnes et al., 2007).
Results and Discussion cont’
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Place of sample
collection
Number sampled Frequency of
Crypto
Prevalence (%) of
Cryptosporidiosis
P value
College Clinic 53 16 30.1 0.434KVS 16 7 43.7
USPCA 31 13 41.9Total 100 36 36
Fecal consistency Number sampled Frequency of
cryptosporidiosis
Prevalence (%) of
cryptosporidiosis
P value
Normal 83 29 34.9 0.626
Diarrheic 17 7 41.1
Total 100 36 36
Results and Discussion cont’
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No. sampled Frequency Prevalence (%) P value
Purpose
Home security 60 23 38.3 0.210
Companion 28 8 28.6
Breeding 10 3 30.0
Sniffer 2 2 100
Breed
Mongrel 34 11 32.3 0.959
Basenji 21 8 38.1
German shepherd 21 8 38.1
Others 24 8 33.3
Sex
Male 59 23 38.9 0.456
Female 41 13 31.7
Age
Young (<6 Months) 33 10 30.3 0.180
Middle aged 45 14 31.1
Elderly (>5 years) 22 11 50.0
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• Mosallanejad et al. (2010) reported that cryptosporidium infection was not significant between different age groups.
• However, Fontanarrosa et al. (2006), Hamnes et al. (2007) and Papazahariadou et al. (2007), in contrast reported the highest level of prevalence in dogs <6-month-old, and declining with age.
Results and Discussion cont’
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Number
sampled
Frequency Prevalence (%) P value
Water source
Boiled 16 6 37.5 0.892
Un-boiled 84 30 35.7
Food source:
Prepared 96 33 34.3 0.097
Scavenged 4 3 75
Number of dogs kept
One 19 6 31.5 0.702
More than one 80 29 36.3
Access to outside environment
Never 93 31 33.3 0.006
Yes 7 5 71.4
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Access to outside environment
• Dogs that roam have more chances of picking up such oocysts from the environment and thus acquiring the infection.
Results and Discussion cont’
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• This implies that the prevalence of Cryptosporidiosis would be even higher in stray and semi-domesticated dogs.
• This could also explain the higher prevalence found in sniffer dogs than in dogs for other purposes
Results and Discussion cont’
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Level of zoonotic awareness
Results and Discussion cont’
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• The level of awareness is thus suspected to be even lower for owners of semi-domesticated dogs in Kampala and for dog owners in rural areas in Uganda.
Results and Discussion cont’
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Factors predisposing humans to the infections from dogs
Results and Discussion cont’
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Conclusion and Recommendations
Conclusion:
• The prevalence of Cryptosporidiosis in dogs in
Kampala is 36%.
• Allowing dogs access to environments outside
homesteads predisposes them to Cryptosporidiosis
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Conclusion cont’
• Forty two percent (42%) of dog owners in Kampala are not sure about possibility of acquiring the parasite from their dog.
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Conclusion cont’
• The predisposing factors for humans include: – Grooming and cleaning dog kennels without hand
gloves, and – Allowing an infected dog to sleep or stay in the
living room.
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Recommendations • Dog owners should be more vigilant and undertake
measures such as regular examination of their dogs for Cryptosporidium infection to prevent humans from acquiring the disease
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• A parallel epidemiological study on “Crypto” that includes dogs and humans together, esp. HIV/AIDS patients
• A study on the prevalence of “Crypto” in stray and semi-domesticated dogs and cats
Recommendations cont’
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