CS3410:ComputerSystemOrganizationandProgramming

AnneBracyComputerScienceCornellUniversity

The slides are the product of many rounds of teaching CS 3410 by Professors Weatherspoon, Bala, Bracy, and Sirer.

TheAnalyticalEngine• DesignedbyCharlesBabbagefrom1834–1871

• Consideredtobethefirstdigitalcomputer

• Builtfrommechanicalgears,whereeachgearrepresentedadiscretevalue(0-9)

• Babbagediedbeforeitwasfinished

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http://history-computer.comhttp://wikimedia.com

AlanTuringTuringMachine

1936=abstractmodelforCPUthatcansimulateanyalgorithm

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TheBombeusedbytheAlliestobreaktheGermanEnigmamachineduringWorldWarII

EnigmamachineUsedbytheGermansduringWorldWarIItoencryptandexchangesecretmessages

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ENIACElectronicNumerical

IntegratorAndComputer

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1946JohnMauchlyJ.Presper Eckert

Whoareyou?

“Sometimesitisthepeoplethatnooneimaginesanythingofwhodothethingsthatnoonecan

imagine.”– AlanTuring

• TuringAwardWinners?• EckertMauchly AwardWinners?

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CourseObjective• UnderstandtheHW/SWinterfacesoftware

§ Howaprocessorworks§ Howacomputerisorganized

• Establishafoundationforbuildingapplications§ Howtowriteagoodprogram

• Good=correct,fast,andsecure§ Howtounderstandwheretheworldisgoing

• Understandtechnology(past,present,future)

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Whatisthis?#include <stdio.h>

int main() {printf("Hello world!\n");return 0;

}

Howdoesitwork?I’mgladyouasked…15weekslaterandyou’llknow!“IknowKungFu.”

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Compilers&Assemblersint x = 10;x = 2 * x + 15;C

compiler

addi r5, r0, 10muli r5, r5, 2addi r5, r5, 15

MIPSassemblylanguage

001000000000010100000000000010100000000000000101001010000100000000100000101001010000000000001111

MIPSmachinelanguage

assembler

r0=0

r5=r0+10r5=r5*2r5=r5+15

op=addi r0r510

op=addi r5r5 15Everythingisanumber!9

HowtoDesignaSimpleProcessor

10

memory

inst

32

pc

200

new pccalculation

register file

control

5 5 5

alu

00: addi r5, r0, 1004: muli r5, r5, 208: addi r5, r5, 15

r0r5

0

10

1032

InstructionSetArchitecture(ISA)• abstractinterfacebetweenhardwareandthelowestlevelsoftware

• userportionoftheinstructionsetplustheoperatingsysteminterfacesusedbyapplicationprogrammers

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Overview

I/O systemInstr. Set Proc.

Compiler

OperatingSystem

Application

Digital DesignCircuit Design

Instruction SetArchitecture

Firmware

Memory system

Datapath & Control

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Compiler Firmware

Coveredinthiscourse

I/O systemCPU

OperatingSystem

Application

Digital DesignCircuit Design

Instruction SetArchitectureMemory

system

Datapath & Control

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Wherediditbegin?

• ElectricalSwitch§ On/Off§ Binary

• Transistor

ThefirsttransistoronaworkbenchatAT&TBellLabsin1947

Transistors 14

Moore’sLaw• 1965

§ #oftransistorsintegratedonadiedoublesevery18-24months(i.e.,growsexponentiallywithtime)

• Amazinglyvisionary§ 2300transistors,1MHzclock(Intel4004)- 1971§ 16Milliontransistors(UltraSparc III)§ 42Milliontransistors,2GHzclock(IntelXeon)– 2001§ 55Milliontransistors,3GHz,130nmtechnology,250mm2 die(Intel

Pentium4)– 2004§ 290+Milliontransistors,3GHz(IntelCore2Duo)– 2007§ 721Milliontransistors,2GHz(Nehalem)- 2009§ 1.4Billiontransistors,3.4GHzIntelHaswell (Quadcore)– 2013

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ProcessorPerformanceIncrease

SUN-4/260 MIPS M/120MIPS M2000

IBM RS6000

HP 9000/750DEC AXP/500

IBM POWER 100DEC Alpha 4/266

DEC Alpha 5/500DEC Alpha 21264/600DEC Alpha 5/300

DEC Alpha 21264A/667

Intel Xeon/2000

Intel Pentium 4/3000

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ThenandNow

• Intel Haswell• 1.4 billion transistors• 177 square millimeters• Four processing cores

http://techguru3d.com/4th-gen-intel-haswell-processors-architecture-and-lineup/

• The first transistor• One workbench at AT&T Bell Labs• 1947• Bardeen,Brattain,andShockley

What are we doing with all these transistors? 18

ComputerSystemOrganization

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ReflectWhytakethiscourse?• Basicknowledgeneededforall otherareasofCS:operatingsystems,compilers,...

• Levelsarenotindependenthardwaredesign↔softwaredesign↔performance

• Crossingboundariesishardbutimportantdevicedrivers

• Gooddesigntechniquesabstraction,layering,pipelining,parallelvs.serial,...

• Understandwheretheworldisgoing

TheMysteriesofComputingwillberevealed!20