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CS105 INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER CONCEPTS
COMPUTER COMPONENTS & ARCHITECTURE
Instructor: Cuong (Charlie) Pham
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Outline History of Computer Hardware What inside your computer? Computer Architecture
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'Harvard Mk I' and Colossus -1943
Portion of the Harvard-IBM Mark 1, left side
Right side Input/Output and control
Colossus
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First Generation: 'ENIAC' (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) - 1946
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Second Generation:The invention of the transistor in 1947
A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify and switch electronic signals and power. It is composed of a semiconductor material with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit.
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Third Generation:The integrated circuit or microchip - 1958
Jack Kilby holding first integrated circuit
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Fourth Generation: Intel chip -1971
The 4004 microprocessor
MITS Altair 8800
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Today’s Computer
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What to Consider before Buying a New Computer? Why do you want to buy a computer? Who is going to use the computer? How long are you going to keep this new computer? Do you or will you have a wireless network in your
house? Do you want the new computer to be portable? How much do you want to spend when you buy a
computer? How much do you want to spend when you buy a
computer? Etc.
Know your NEEDS Know your computer
SKILLS Know your financial
LIMITS
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Computer Components Input/Output (Mouse, Keyboard, Display) Processor and Memory Storage Multimedia( Audio, Graphics and Video
Support) Connection and Expansion Battery and Power Communication
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Input Keyboard
E.g., Full-size backlit keyboard with 78 (U.S.) or 79 (ISO) keys, including 12 function keys and 4 arrow keys
Mouse/Track-pad E.g., Multi-Touch trackpad for precise cursor
control; supports inertial scrolling, pinch, rotate, swipe, three-finger swipe…
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Display 15.4-inch (diagonal)
LED-backlit glossy or optional antiglare widescreen display with support for millions of colors
Supported resolutions: 1440 by 900 (native), 1280 by 800, 1152 by 720, 1024 by 640, and 800 by 500 pixels at 16:10 aspect ratio
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Sizes in Perspective
What is a hertz?
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Processor What is a CPU and what does it do? The Central
Processing Unit (CPU) is the ‘brain’ of the computer, it lets the other components of the computer know what they have to do
Why do I need one? Having a better CPU (measured in GigaHertz) greatly improves the overall speed of your computer. The faster the Processors speed, the more calculations your computer can do in a short space of time.
What is available and what are the benefits of each? Single Core Processors: Have one “core” allowing
them to process sets of instructions as they are transmitted to the CPU.
Dual Core processors: Have 2 “Cores” that allow processing of multiple instructions at the same time.
Quad Core Processors ? E.g., 2.4GHz quad-core Intel Core i7 processor with 6MB
shared L3 cache
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Memory - RAM RAM stands for Random Access Memory and is
typically measured in megabytes. It is responsible for the speed at which the computer processes data and actions.
Why do I need one? The more RAM your computer has, the quicker it can access your programs and files.
Types: SDRAM: Synchronous dynamic random access memory DDR: Double Data Rate RAM. It is used in most computers
and is faster than older SDRAM types. DDR2, DDR3: Newer styles of DDR RAM which boasts extra
performance due to the increased speed at which it runs. E.g., 4GB (two 2GB SO-DIMMs) of 1333MHz DDR3
memory; two SO-DIMM slots support up to 8GB
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Internal Storage Hard drive is where all your data are stored.
It is the computers long term memory. The size of a hard drive is measured in gigabytes (Gb)
Types: PATA, SATA, SSD
E.g., 750GB 5400-rpm Serial ATA hard drive
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External Storage DVD-RW, DVD+RW; 24x CD-R; 10x CD-
RW Blu-ray Flash Drive External Hard Drive
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Statistics
Source: Information explosion: how rapidly expanding storage spurs innovation
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Multimedia Stereo speakers with subwoofers;
Omnidirectional microphone (located under left speaker grille); Audio line in minijack (digital/analog); Audio line out/headphone minijack (digital/analog)
AMD Radeon HD 6750M graphics processor with 512MB of GDDR5 memory on 2.2GHz configuration
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Connection and Expansion MagSafe power port Gigabit Ethernet port FireWire 800 port (up to 800 Mbps) Two USB 2.0 ports (up to 480 Mbps) Thunderbolt port (up to 10 Gbps) Audio line in; Audio line out SDXC card slot Kensington lock slot
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Battery and Power Built-in 77.5-watt-hour lithium-polymer
battery
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Communication Wi-Fi wireless networking (based on IEEE
802.11n specification); IEEE 802.11a/b/g compatible
Bluetooth 2.1 + EDR (Enhanced Data Rate)
Wireless technology10/100/1000BASE-T Gigabit Ethernet (RJ-45 connector)
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Software Microsoft® Windows 7® Professional Microsoft® Office Home and Student 2007 36-Month subscription to McAfee Security
Center Anti-virus
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All together
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Computer AdsConsider the following ad:
Insatavialion 640 Laptop Exceptional Performance and Portability
• Intel® Core™ 2 Duo (2.66GHz/1066MhzFSB/6MB cache)• 15.6” High Definition (1080p) LEDBacklit LCD Display (1366 x 768)• 512MB ATI Mobility Radeon Graphics• Built-in 2.0MP Web Camera• 4GB Shared Dual Channel DDR2 at800MHz• 500GB SATA Hard Drive at 5400RPM• 8X Slot Load DL DVD+/- RW Drive• 802.11 a/g/n and Bluetooth 3.0
• 85 WHr Lithium Ion Battery• (2) USB 2.0, HDMI, 15-pin VGA, Ethernet10/100/1000, IEEE 1394 Firewire, ExpressCard, Audio line-in, line-out, mic-in• 14.8W X 1.2H X 10.1D, 5.6 lbs• Microsoft0® Windows 7® Professional• Microsoft® Office Home and Student2007• 36-Month subscription to McAfeeSecurity Center Anti-virus
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Sizes in Perspective
Intel Processor speed 2.66 GHz
SDRAM size 4GBspeed 800 MHz
500GB SATA at 5400 RPM Transfer rate 300MB per second
Flat screen dot pitch .28mm
To which do these apply?
Bigger is betterFaster is betterSmaller is better
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Stored-Program Concept
Figure 5.1 The von Neumann architecture
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Memory
Memory A collection of cells,each with a uniquephysical address; bothaddresses andcontents are in binary
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Arithmetic/Logic Unit
Performs basic arithmetic operations such as adding
Performs logical operations such as AND, OR, and NOT
Most modern ALUs have a small amount of special storage units called registers
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Input/Output Units
Input Unit: A device through which data and programs from the outside world are entered into the computer
Can you name three? Output unit: A device through which results
stored in the computer memory are made available to the outside world
Can you name two?
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Control Unit
Control unit The organizing force in the computer
Instruction register (IR) Contains the instruction that is being executed
Program counter (PC) Contains the address of the next instruction to be executed
Central Processing Unit (CPU) ALU and the control unit called the, or CPU
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Flow of Information
Bus: A set of wires that connect all major sections
Figure 5.2 Data flow through a von Neumann architecture
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The Fetch-Execute Cycle
Fetch the next instruction Decode the instruction Get data if needed Execute the instruction
Why is it called a cycle?
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The Fetch-Execute Cycle
Figure 5.3 The Fetch-Execute Cycle