![Page 1: CSCE 641 Computer Graphics: Image-based Modeling (Cont.)](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062722/56813a68550346895da260e4/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
CSCE 641 Computer Graphics: Image-based Modeling (Cont.)
Jinxiang Chai
![Page 2: CSCE 641 Computer Graphics: Image-based Modeling (Cont.)](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062722/56813a68550346895da260e4/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Image-based Modeling and Rendering
Images user input range
scans
Model
Images
Image based modeling
Image-based renderingGeometry+ Images
Geometry+ Materials
Images + Depth
Light field
Panoroma
Kinematics
Dynamics
Etc.
Camera + geometry
![Page 3: CSCE 641 Computer Graphics: Image-based Modeling (Cont.)](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062722/56813a68550346895da260e4/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Stereo reconstruction
Given two or more images of the same scene or object, compute a representation of its shape
knownknowncameracamera
viewpointsviewpoints
![Page 4: CSCE 641 Computer Graphics: Image-based Modeling (Cont.)](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062722/56813a68550346895da260e4/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Stereo reconstruction
Given two or more images of the same scene or object, compute a representation of its shape
knownknowncameracamera
viewpointsviewpoints
How to estimate camera parameters?
- where is the camera?
- where is it pointing?
- what are internal parameters, e.g. focal length?
![Page 5: CSCE 641 Computer Graphics: Image-based Modeling (Cont.)](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062722/56813a68550346895da260e4/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Spectrum of IBMR
Images user input range
scans
Model
Images
Image based modeling
Image-based renderingGeometry+ Images
Geometry+ Materials
Images + Depth
Light field
Panoroma
Kinematics
Dynamics
Etc.
Camera + geometry
![Page 6: CSCE 641 Computer Graphics: Image-based Modeling (Cont.)](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062722/56813a68550346895da260e4/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Calibration from 2D motion
Structure from motion (SFM) - track points over a sequence of images
- estimate for 3D positions and camera positions
- calibrate intrinsic camera parameters before hand
Self-calibration: - solve for both intrinsic and extrinsic camera parameters
![Page 7: CSCE 641 Computer Graphics: Image-based Modeling (Cont.)](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062722/56813a68550346895da260e4/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
SFM = Holy Grail of 3D Reconstruction
Take movie of object
Reconstruct 3D model
Would be
commercially
highly viable
![Page 8: CSCE 641 Computer Graphics: Image-based Modeling (Cont.)](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062722/56813a68550346895da260e4/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
How to Get Feature Correspondences
Feature-based approach
- good for images
- feature detection (corners or sift features)
- feature matching using RANSAC (epipolar line)
Pixel-based approach
- good for video sequences
- patch based registration with lucas-kanade algorithm
- register features across the entire sequence
![Page 9: CSCE 641 Computer Graphics: Image-based Modeling (Cont.)](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062722/56813a68550346895da260e4/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Structure from Motion
Two Principal Solutions• Bundle adjustment (nonlinear optimization)
• Factorization (SVD, through orthographic approximation, affine geometry)
![Page 10: CSCE 641 Computer Graphics: Image-based Modeling (Cont.)](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062722/56813a68550346895da260e4/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Projection Matrix
Perspective projection:
2D coordinates are just a nonlinear function of its 3D coordinates and camera parameters:
1100
0
1 3
2
1
3
2
1
0
0
i
i
i
T
T
T
y
x
i
i
z
y
x
t
t
t
r
r
r
vf
uf
v
u
33
32302
33
30213021
)(
)(
tPr
ttfPrvrfv
tPr
tuttfPrurrfu
T
yTT
yi
Tx
TTTx
i
K
);,,( iPTRKf
);,,( iPTRKg
R T P
![Page 11: CSCE 641 Computer Graphics: Image-based Modeling (Cont.)](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062722/56813a68550346895da260e4/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Nonlinear Approach for SFM
What’s the difference between camera calibration and SFM?
![Page 12: CSCE 641 Computer Graphics: Image-based Modeling (Cont.)](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062722/56813a68550346895da260e4/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Nonlinear Approach for SFM
M
j
N
iijj
jiijj
ji
TRK
PTRKgvPTRKfujj
1 1
22
}{},{,
));,,(());,,((minarg
What’s the difference between camera calibration and SFM?
- camera calibration: known 3D and 2D
![Page 13: CSCE 641 Computer Graphics: Image-based Modeling (Cont.)](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062722/56813a68550346895da260e4/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Nonlinear Approach for SFM
M
j
N
iijj
jiijj
ji
TRKP
PTRKgvPTRKfujji
1 1
22
}{},{,},{
)),,,(()),,,((minarg
M
j
N
iijj
jiijj
ji
TRK
PTRKgvPTRKfujj
1 1
22
}{},{,
));,,(());,,((minarg
What’s the difference between camera calibration and SFM?
- camera calibration: known 3D and 2D
- SFM: unknown 3D and known 2D
![Page 14: CSCE 641 Computer Graphics: Image-based Modeling (Cont.)](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062722/56813a68550346895da260e4/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Nonlinear Approach for SFM
M
j
N
iijj
jiijj
ji
TRKP
PTRKgvPTRKfujji
1 1
22
}{},{,},{
)),,,(()),,,((minarg
M
j
N
iijj
jiijj
ji
TRK
PTRKgvPTRKfujj
1 1
22
}{},{,
));,,(());,,((minarg
What’s the difference between camera calibration and SFM?
- camera calibration: known 3D and 2D
- SFM: unknown 3D and known 2D
- what’s 3D-to-2D registration problem?
![Page 15: CSCE 641 Computer Graphics: Image-based Modeling (Cont.)](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062722/56813a68550346895da260e4/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Nonlinear Approach for SFM
M
j
N
iijj
jiijj
ji
TRKP
PTRKgvPTRKfujji
1 1
22
}{},{,},{
)),,,(()),,,((minarg
M
j
N
iijj
jiijj
ji
TRK
PTRKgvPTRKfujj
1 1
22
}{},{,
));,,(());,,((minarg
What’s the difference between camera calibration and SFM?
- camera calibration: known 3D and 2D
- SFM: unknown 3D and known 2D
- what’s 3D-to-2D registration problem?
![Page 16: CSCE 641 Computer Graphics: Image-based Modeling (Cont.)](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062722/56813a68550346895da260e4/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
SFM: Bundle Adjustment
SFM = Nonlinear Least Squares problem
Minimize through• Gradient Descent
• Conjugate Gradient
• Gauss-Newton
• Levenberg Marquardt common method
Prone to local minima
M
j
N
iijj
jiijj
ji
TRKP
PTRKgvPTRKfujji
1 1
22
}{},{,},{
)),,,(()),,,((minarg
![Page 17: CSCE 641 Computer Graphics: Image-based Modeling (Cont.)](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062722/56813a68550346895da260e4/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Count # Constraints vs #Unknowns
M camera poses
N points
2MN point constraints
6M+3N unknowns
Suggests: need 2mn 6m + 3n
But: Can we really recover all parameters???
M
j
N
iijj
jiijj
ji
TRKP
PTRKgvPTRKfujji
1 1
22
}{},{,},{
)),,,(()),,,((minarg
![Page 18: CSCE 641 Computer Graphics: Image-based Modeling (Cont.)](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062722/56813a68550346895da260e4/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Count # Constraints vs #Unknowns
M camera poses
N points
2MN point constraints
6M+3N unknowns (known intrinsic camera parameters)
Suggests: need 2mn 6m + 3n
But: Can we really recover all parameters???• Can’t recover origin, orientation (6 params)
• Can’t recover scale (1 param)
Thus, we need 2mn 6m + 3n - 7
M
j
N
iijj
jiijj
ji
TRKP
PTRKgvPTRKfujji
1 1
22
}{},{,},{
)),,,(()),,,((minarg
![Page 19: CSCE 641 Computer Graphics: Image-based Modeling (Cont.)](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062722/56813a68550346895da260e4/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Are We Done?
No, bundle adjustment has many local minima.
![Page 20: CSCE 641 Computer Graphics: Image-based Modeling (Cont.)](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062722/56813a68550346895da260e4/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
SFM Using Factorization
12
1
2
1
i
i
i
T
T
i
i
z
y
x
t
t
r
r
v
u
Assume an othorgraphic camera
Image World
![Page 21: CSCE 641 Computer Graphics: Image-based Modeling (Cont.)](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062722/56813a68550346895da260e4/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
SFM Using Factorization
12
1
2
1
i
i
i
T
T
i
i
z
y
x
t
t
r
r
v
u
Assume othorgraphic camera
Image World
i
i
i
T
T
N
ii
i
N
ii
i
z
y
x
r
r
N
vv
N
uu
2
1
1
1
Subtract the mean
![Page 22: CSCE 641 Computer Graphics: Image-based Modeling (Cont.)](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062722/56813a68550346895da260e4/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
SFM Using Factorization
N
N
N
T
T
N
N
z
y
x
z
y
x
z
y
x
r
r
v
u
v
u
v
u
...
...
...
~
~
...
...~
~
~
~
2
2
2
1
1
1
2
1
2
2
1
1
Stack all the features from the same frame:
![Page 23: CSCE 641 Computer Graphics: Image-based Modeling (Cont.)](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062722/56813a68550346895da260e4/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
SFM Using Factorization
N
N
N
T
T
N
N
z
y
x
z
y
x
z
y
x
r
r
v
u
v
u
v
u
...
...
...
~
~
...
...~
~
~
~
2
2
2
1
1
1
2
1
2
2
1
1
N
N
N
TF
TF
T
T
NF
NF
F
F
F
F
NF
NF
F
F
F
F
z
y
x
z
y
x
z
y
x
r
r
r
r
v
u
v
u
v
u
v
u
v
u
v
u
...
...
...
~
~
...
...~
~
~
~
~
~
...
...~
~
~
~
2
2
2
1
1
1
2,
1,
2,1
1,1
,
,
2,
2,
1,
1,
,
,
2,
2,
1,
1,
Stack all the features from the same frame:
Stack all the features from all the images:
W
![Page 24: CSCE 641 Computer Graphics: Image-based Modeling (Cont.)](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062722/56813a68550346895da260e4/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
SFM Using Factorization
N
N
N
T
T
N
N
z
y
x
z
y
x
z
y
x
r
r
v
u
v
u
v
u
...
...
...
~
~
...
...~
~
~
~
2
2
2
1
1
1
2
1
2
2
1
1
N
N
N
TF
TF
T
T
NF
NF
F
F
F
F
NF
NF
F
F
F
F
z
y
x
z
y
x
z
y
x
r
r
r
r
v
u
v
u
v
u
v
u
v
u
v
u
...
...
...
~
~
...
...~
~
~
~
~
~
...
...~
~
~
~
2
2
2
1
1
1
2,
1,
2,1
1,1
,
,
2,
2,
1,
1,
,
,
2,
2,
1,
1,
NFW 2
~
Stack all the features from the same frame:
Stack all the features from all the images:
W
32 FM NS 3
![Page 25: CSCE 641 Computer Graphics: Image-based Modeling (Cont.)](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062722/56813a68550346895da260e4/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
SFM Using Factorization
N
N
N
TF
TF
T
T
NF
NF
F
F
F
F
NF
NF
F
F
F
F
z
y
x
z
y
x
z
y
x
r
r
r
r
v
u
v
u
v
u
v
u
v
u
v
u
...
...
...
~
~
...
...~
~
~
~
~
~
...
...~
~
~
~
2
2
2
1
1
1
2,
1,
2,1
1,1
,
,
2,
2,
1,
1,
,
,
2,
2,
1,
1,
NFW 2
~32 FM
Stack all the features from all the images:
W
NS 3
Factorize the matrix into two matrix using SVD:
NFW 2
~
TNF
TNF VSUMVUW 2
1
32
1
322
~~~
![Page 26: CSCE 641 Computer Graphics: Image-based Modeling (Cont.)](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062722/56813a68550346895da260e4/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
SFM Using Factorization
N
N
N
TF
TF
T
T
NF
NF
F
F
F
F
NF
NF
F
F
F
F
z
y
x
z
y
x
z
y
x
r
r
r
r
v
u
v
u
v
u
v
u
v
u
v
u
...
...
...
~
~
...
...~
~
~
~
~
~
...
...~
~
~
~
2
2
2
1
1
1
2,
1,
2,1
1,1
,
,
2,
2,
1,
1,
,
,
2,
2,
1,
1,
NFW 2
~32 FM
Stack all the features from all the images:
W
NS 3
Factorize the matrix into two matrix using SVD:
NFW 2
~
TNF
TNF VSUMVUW 2
1
32
1
322
~~~
Is the solution unique?
![Page 27: CSCE 641 Computer Graphics: Image-based Modeling (Cont.)](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062722/56813a68550346895da260e4/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
SFM Using Factorization
N
N
N
TF
TF
T
T
NF
NF
F
F
F
F
NF
NF
F
F
F
F
z
y
x
z
y
x
z
y
x
r
r
r
r
v
u
v
u
v
u
v
u
v
u
v
u
...
...
...
~
~
...
...~
~
~
~
~
~
...
...~
~
~
~
2
2
2
1
1
1
2,
1,
2,1
1,1
,
,
2,
2,
1,
1,
,
,
2,
2,
1,
1,
NFW 2
~32 FM
Stack all the features from all the images:
NS 3
Factorize the matrix into two matrix using SVD:
NFW 2
~
TNF
TNF VSUMVUW 2
1
32
1
322
~~~
NNFF SQSQMM
31
333333232
~~
Is the solution unique? No!
![Page 28: CSCE 641 Computer Graphics: Image-based Modeling (Cont.)](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062722/56813a68550346895da260e4/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
SFM Using Factorization
N
N
N
TF
TF
T
T
NF
NF
F
F
F
F
NF
NF
F
F
F
F
z
y
x
z
y
x
z
y
x
r
r
r
r
v
u
v
u
v
u
v
u
v
u
v
u
...
...
...
~
~
...
...~
~
~
~
~
~
...
...~
~
~
~
2
2
2
1
1
1
2,
1,
2,1
1,1
,
,
2,
2,
1,
1,
,
,
2,
2,
1,
1,
NFW 2
~32 FM
Stack all the features from all the images:
W
NS 3
Factorize the matrix into two matrix using SVD:
NFW 2
~
TNF
TNF VSUMVUW 2
1
32
1
322
~~~
NNFF SQSQMM
31
333333232
~~
How to compute the matrix ? 33Q
![Page 29: CSCE 641 Computer Graphics: Image-based Modeling (Cont.)](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062722/56813a68550346895da260e4/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
SFM Using Factorization
2,2,2,11,1
2,
1,
2,1
1,1
3232 FF
TF
TF
T
T
TFF rrrr
r
r
r
r
MM
M is the stack of rotation matrix:
2,2,
2,1,
1,2,
1,1,
2,12,1
2,11,1
1,12,1
1,11,1
FTF
FTF
FTF
FTF
T
T
T
T
rr
rr
rr
rr
rr
rr
rr
rr
![Page 30: CSCE 641 Computer Graphics: Image-based Modeling (Cont.)](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062722/56813a68550346895da260e4/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
SFM Using Factorization
2,2,2,11,1
2,
1,
2,1
1,1
3232 FF
TF
TF
T
T
TFF rrrr
r
r
r
r
MM
M is the stack of rotation matrix:
2,2,
2,1,
1,2,
1,1,
2,12,1
2,11,1
1,12,1
1,11,1
FTF
FTF
FTF
FTF
T
T
T
T
rr
rr
rr
rr
rr
rr
rr
rr
1 010
1 010
Orthogonal constraints from rotation matrix
![Page 31: CSCE 641 Computer Graphics: Image-based Modeling (Cont.)](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062722/56813a68550346895da260e4/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
SFM Using Factorization
2,2,2,11,1
2,
1,
2,1
1,1
3232 FF
TF
TF
T
T
TFF rrrr
r
r
r
r
MM
2,2,
2,1,
1,2,
1,1,
2,12,1
2,11,1
1,12,1
1,11,1
FTF
FTF
FTF
FTF
T
T
T
T
rr
rr
rr
rr
rr
rr
rr
rr
M is the stack of rotation matrix:
1 010
1 010
Orthogonal constraints from rotation matrix
TF
TF MQQM 32333332
~~
![Page 32: CSCE 641 Computer Graphics: Image-based Modeling (Cont.)](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062722/56813a68550346895da260e4/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
SFM Using Factorization
TF
TF MQQM 32333332
~~
2,2,
2,1,
1,2,
1,1,
2,12,1
2,11,1
1,12,1
1,11,1
FTF
FTF
FTF
FTF
T
T
T
T
rr
rr
rr
rr
rr
rr
rr
rr
1 010
1 010
Orthogonal constraints from rotation matrices:
![Page 33: CSCE 641 Computer Graphics: Image-based Modeling (Cont.)](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062722/56813a68550346895da260e4/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
SFM Using Factorization
TF
TF MQQM 32333332
~~
2,2,
2,1,
1,2,
1,1,
2,12,1
2,11,1
1,12,1
1,11,1
FTF
FTF
FTF
FTF
T
T
T
T
rr
rr
rr
rr
rr
rr
rr
rr
1 010
1 010
Orthogonal constraints from rotation matrices:
QQ: symmetric 3 by 3 matrix
![Page 34: CSCE 641 Computer Graphics: Image-based Modeling (Cont.)](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062722/56813a68550346895da260e4/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
SFM Using Factorization
TF
TF MQQM 32333332
~~
2,2,
2,1,
1,2,
1,1,
2,12,1
2,11,1
1,12,1
1,11,1
FTF
FTF
FTF
FTF
T
T
T
T
rr
rr
rr
rr
rr
rr
rr
rr
1 010
1 010
Orthogonal constraints from rotation matrices:
How to compute QQT?
least square solution
- 4F linear constraints, 9 unknowns (6 independent due to symmetric matrix)
QQ: symmetric 3 by 3 matrix
![Page 35: CSCE 641 Computer Graphics: Image-based Modeling (Cont.)](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062722/56813a68550346895da260e4/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
SFM Using Factorization
TF
TF MQQM 32333332
~~
2,2,
2,1,
1,2,
1,1,
2,12,1
2,11,1
1,12,1
1,11,1
FTF
FTF
FTF
FTF
T
T
T
T
rr
rr
rr
rr
rr
rr
rr
rr
1 010
1 010
Orthogonal constraints from rotation matrices:
How to compute QQT?
least square solution
- 4F linear constraints, 9 unknowns (6 independent due to symmetric matrix) How to compute Q from QQT:
SVD again: 2
1
UQVUQQ T
QQ: symmetric 3 by 3 matrix
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SFM Using Factorization
2,2,2,11,1
2,
1,
2,1
1,1
3232 FF
TF
TF
T
T
TFF rrrr
r
r
r
r
MM
2,2,
2,1,
1,2,
1,1,
2,12,1
2,11,1
1,12,1
1,11,1
FTF
FTF
FTF
FTF
T
T
T
T
rr
rr
rr
rr
rr
rr
rr
rr
M is the stack of rotation matrix:
1 010
1 010
Orthogonal constraints from rotation matrix
TF
TF MQQM 32333332
~~
QQT: symmetric 3 by 3 matrix
Computing QQT is easy:
- 3F linear equations
- 6 independent unknowns
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SFM Using Factorization
1. Form the measurement matrix
2. Decompose the matrix into two matrices and using SVD
3. Compute the matrix Q with least square and SVD
4. Compute the rotation matrix and shape matrix:
and
NFW 2
~
NS 3
~ 32
~FM
QMM F 32
~ 32
1 ~
FSQS
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Weak-perspective Projection
Factorization also works for weak-perspective projection (scaled orthographic projection):
d z0
12
1
2
1
i
i
i
T
T
i
i
z
y
x
t
t
r
r
v
u
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Factorization for Full-perspective Cameras
[Han and Kanade]
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SFM Summary
Bundle adjustment (nonlinear optimization) - work with perspective camera model - work with incomplete data - prone to local minima
Factorization: - closed-form solution for weak perspective camera - simple and efficient - usually need complete data - becomes complicated for full-perspective camera model
Phil Torr’s structure from motion toolkit in matlab (click here)
Voodoo camera tracker (click here)
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All Together Video
Click here
- feature detection
- feature matching (epipolar geometry)
- structure from motion
- stereo reconstruction
- triangulation
- texture mapping
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SFM: Recent Development
• Large Scale SFM: Reconstructing the World from Internet Photos
• Project website: source code and data sets are available from http://
www.cs.cornell.edu/projects/bigsfm/