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PRESENTATION
ON
INTEGRATED SEWAGE AND SOLID ORGANIC WASTE-T0-ENERGY PROJECT
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WASTE GENERATIONSOURCES
AND CHARACTERISTICS
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SOURCES OF SEWAGE AND SOURCES OF SEWAGE AND SOLID ORGANIC WASTE SOLID ORGANIC WASTE
GENERATIONGENERATIONSEWAGE
Students Population, Teaching Staff And DependantsAuxiliary Staff And Outsiders Visitation To Campus Chapel
SOLID ORGANICSGeneral Domestic Waste Kitchen Organic Food Leftovers)
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CURRENT HANDLING PRACTICES OF
SEWAGE AND SOLID ORGANIC WASTE
WITH PARTICULAR EMPHASIS ON EDUCATIONAL
INSTITUTIONS
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SEWAGE HANDLINGSEPTIC TANK COLLECTION,
STORAGE, AND IMPACTS
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Septic Tank Storage and Handling of Septic Tank Storage and Handling of Sewage (With Methane emission Sewage (With Methane emission
vent)vent)
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Septic Tank Storage and Handling of Septic Tank Storage and Handling of Sewage (Without Methane emission Sewage (Without Methane emission
vent pipes)vent pipes)
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Effect of Delays in Cesspool Effect of Delays in Cesspool Emptying and Impermeable SoilsEmptying and Impermeable Soils
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Aerobic Handling SystemAerobic Handling System
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CHARACTERISTICS OF CHARACTERISTICS OF SEWAGESEWAGE
Inherent Health Hazards Inherent Health Hazards BACTERIA TYPES IN SEWAGE
Salmonella• Shigella• Polioviruses• Schistosoma Ova• Hookworm Ova• Ascaris Ova• Typhoid• Paratyphoid• Cholera• Dysentery Bacteria• Bilharzias
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Final Disposal of Sewage Final Disposal of Sewage
OFF-SITE DISPOSALWater bodies (Rivers, Lakes, Lagoons, etc.)Sea Stabilisation ponds
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Final Disposal of Sewage Final Disposal of Sewage in Water Bodies: Impacts in Water Bodies: Impacts
Degradation of water bodiesDegradation of water bodiesDischarge of pathogensDischarge of pathogensReduce marine ecosystem productivityReduce marine ecosystem productivityOdour NuisanceOdour Nuisance
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CURRENT HANDLING OF SOLID WASTE AND IMPACTS
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Municipal Solid WasteMunicipal Solid WasteHandlingHandling
Collected in steel containers and Collected in steel containers and transported to :transported to :
Dump sitesDump sitesLandfill sitesLandfill sitesIncinerationIncineration
NOTE: 65% of MSW is organicNOTE: 65% of MSW is organic
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CHARACTERISTICS OF SOLID CHARACTERISTICS OF SOLID ORGANIC WASTEORGANIC WASTE
Inherent Health Hazards Inherent Health Hazards BACTERIA TYPES IN SOLID ORGANIC WASTE
• Schistosoma Ova• Ascaris Ova• Typhoid• Paratyphoid• Cholera• Dysentery Bacteria• Malaria Parasite
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Final Disposal of Solid Final Disposal of Solid Organic Waste Organic Waste
OFF-SITE DISPOSALLandfill SitesDump Sites Incineration (where applicable)
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Final Disposal of Solid Final Disposal of Solid Organic Waste: Impacts Organic Waste: Impacts
Degradation of the EnvironmentDegradation of the EnvironmentDistribution of communicable DiseasesDistribution of communicable DiseasesOdour NuisanceOdour Nuisance
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THE BIOGASTECHNOLOGIES, WEST AFRICA LIMITED (BTWAL) /
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION SYSTEM (ADS)
SUSTAINABLE INTERGRATED APPROACH
WASTE-TO-ENERGY TECHNOLOGY
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BTWAL/ADS WASTE-TO-ENERGY TECHNOLOGY
An integrated solid organic waste and Sewage Treatment Plantsolid organic waste and Sewage Treatment Plant
An anaerobic digestion system (ADS) with biogas generationAn anaerobic digestion system (ADS) with biogas generation
Combines solid organic waste to increase biogas generationCombines solid organic waste to increase biogas generation
Sustainable by addressing Sustainable by addressing sanitation, sanitation,
health and health and
environmental impacts of septage and landfillsenvironmental impacts of septage and landfills
Economical over time (income generation) from Economical over time (income generation) from water recycle, water recycle,
use of treated effluent use of treated effluent
biogas gas utilization and usebiogas gas utilization and use
Avoidance of septic tanks installation costAvoidance of septic tanks installation cost
Cesspool emptying and its impactsCesspool emptying and its impacts
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Components of BTWAL/ADS Components of BTWAL/ADS WasteWaste--toto--Energy PlantEnergy Plant
The BioThe Bio--digesterdigesterThe Expansion ChambersThe Expansion ChambersFiltration BedsFiltration BedsTreated Effluent storageTreated Effluent storageBiogas Recovery BalloonBiogas Recovery BalloonBiogas endBiogas end--use accessoriesuse accessories
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THE TECHNOLOGYThe Digester (s)
BIOGAS DIGESTERS UNDER CONSTRUCTION IN A WATER LOGGED AREA
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A TYPICAL TWIN DIGESTER UNDER CONSTRUCTION
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A COMPLETED BIOGAS DIGESTER AND FILTRATION BED
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A COMPLETED BIOGAS DIGESTER
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The Filtration Beds
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A COMPLETED FILTRATION BED
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BY-PRODUCTS OF THE BTWAL/ADS PLANTS
BIOGAS
EFFLUENT SLURRY
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Biogas Capture and Storage
Biogas Collection Balloon 1
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Biogas Meters
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Typical Monthly biogas generation Typical Monthly biogas generation Metering Data,1995Metering Data,1995--2003`2003`
-- St DominicSt Dominic’’s Hospital Plant. s Hospital Plant. AkwatiaAkwatia, Ghana, Ghana
-
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000Li
ters
Bio
gas
Dec.94
Apr.95
Aug.95
Dec-95
Apr.96
Aug.96
Dec-96
Apr.97
Aug.97
Dec-97
Apr.98
Aug.98
Dec-98
Apr.99
Aug.99
Dec-99
Apr-00
Aug-00
Dec-00
Apr-01
Aug-01
Dec-01
Apr-02
Aug-02
Dec-02
Apr-03
Aug-03
PLANT NO 1 PLANT NO 2 PLANT NO 3 PLANT NO 4 PLANT NO 5
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Typical Annual biogas generation Typical Annual biogas generation Metering Data,1995Metering Data,1995--2003`2003`
-- St DominicSt Dominic’’s Hospital Plant. s Hospital Plant. AkwatiaAkwatia, Ghana, Ghana
-
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
80,000
90,000
100,000Li
ters
Bio
gas
Annual Biogas Generation, 1995-2003
PLANT NO 5 (Liters) 13,478 12,059 12,266 9,105 13,237 15,015 16,790 14,023 12,310
PLANT NO 4 (Liters) 18,175 19,224 18,393 23,903 25,920 31,387 20,726 15,845 12,866
PLANT NO 3 (Liters) 19,068 17,644 19,622 16,189 23,608 20,144 25,808 33,817 25,307
PLANT NO 2 (Liters) 15,335 12,303 15,709 12,814 15,155 17,119 17,262 15,155 8,255
PLANT NO 1 (Liters) 15,281 12,065 16,588 18,924 14,359 14,047 13,964 15,898 14,377
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
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Annual biogas generation and Equivalent in Annual biogas generation and Equivalent in other fuel types, 1995other fuel types, 1995--20032003
-- St DominicSt Dominic’’s Hospital Plant. s Hospital Plant. AkwatiaAkwatia, Ghana, Ghana
-
100.0
200.0
300.0
400.0
500.0
600.0
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
Biogas Generation Equivalent to Other Fuel Types
TOTAL BIOGAS (m3/year) LPG Equivalent (kg/year) LPG Equivalent (Cylinders/year) Wood Fuel Equivalent Charcoal Equivalent
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Gas Filtration System (Hydrogen Sulphide)
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Biogas Utilization Equipment for Gas Combustion
STOVEREFRIDGERATORELECTRICITY GENERATOR
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COOKING EQUIPMENT – Biogas Stoves 1
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COOKING EQUIPMENT – Biogas Stove 2
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BIOGAS REFRIDGERATOR
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ABSORPTION DIFFUSION GAS REFRIDGERATOR
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BIOGAS ELECTRICITY GENERATOR
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THE TREATED EFFLUENT SLURRY
Nitrogen Rich Liquid Slurry (Fertilizer)
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THE TREATED EFFLUENT SLURRY FOR NON-CRITICAL
APPLICATION
W. C. FLUSHING
AFFORESTATION
LANDSCAPING
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THE TREATED EFFLUENT STORAGE FOR RE-USE IN TOILETS
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Alternative uses of Treated water Alternative uses of Treated water for Woodlot Plantation Irrigationfor Woodlot Plantation Irrigation
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Alternative uses of Treated Alternative uses of Treated water for landscapingwater for landscaping
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THE DIRECT ECONOMIC BENEFITS
Avoidance Cost of Constructing Septic Tank Water Savings (Cistern Methods)Treated Effluent (water) Utilization
Alternative UsesWater use reductionTreated Effluent for re-flushing
Biogas Generation
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Community and Health Benefits
Pathogen Destruction
Sanitation and Health BenefitsAvoidance of odour nuisance from Septic Emptying Elimination of seasonal overflows of septic
tanks
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SURVIVAL TIME OF PATHOGENS IN BIOGAS PLANTS (ANAEROBIC DIGESTION)
100.04Bilharzia
100.011Dysentery Bacteria
100.08Cholera
100.010 daysPara yphoid
100.07Typhoid
98.036100.02Ascaris Ova
100.010100.01Hookworm Ova
100.07100.0HoursSchistosoma Ova
100.09--Poliviruses
100.05100.01Shigella
100.07100.01 – 2Salmonella
Rate (% )
Fatality Days
Rate (% )Fatality Days
MESOPHILIC FERMENTATION
55 – 37oC
THEMOPHILIC FERMENTATION
33 – 55oCBACTERIA
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c) Effluent Water Quality AnalysisSample Code: VALLEY VIEW UNIVERSITY Sample Size: 2 LitresSampling Date: 13/8/2004 Date of Report: 21/8/2004Sampling Time: 11.45 a.m. – 12.10 a.m.Date of Analysis: 13 – 18 /8/2004Source/Purpose: Valley View Effluent Quality Evaluation
<3oC above ambient6-91500--1000-5025050300501.0400100.1
34.67.157091.9 meters0.1401.946142149300.1016.91370.40.2
Temperature (oC)PHConductivity (µS/cm)DeptSalinity (%)Total Dissolved Solids (mg/l)Dissolved Oxygen (mg/l)Total Suspended Solids (mg/l)COD (mgO2/l)BOD (mgO2/l)Sulphate (mg/l)Nitrate-Nitrogen (mg/l)Iron (mg/l)Ammonium NitrogenTotal coliforms (MPN/100 ml)ZincLead
E.P.A. Guideline Values
Site 1:BIOGAS Effluent
Parameters
*Exceeds Environmental Protection Agency Effluent Quality GuidelinesSubmitted byMR. EMMANUEL APPOH (ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENTIST)E. P. A.