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Den Haag
22nd May 2015
15.30 – 16.15
Cultural Gerontology in the Arts and Music:
Challenges for Research and Training
Prof. Dr. Theo Hartogh
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Structure
• Enhancement of the quality of life as the main
aim in cultural gerontology
• The increasing demand for cultural activities
• Examples for musical activities in several
institutions
• People with dementia as musicians
• Further education in cultural gerontology
– Kulturgeragogik
– Musikgeragogik
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Meaning of playing in a seniors´ orchestra
Making music … agrees
guarantees well-being to me 98 %
increases my quality of life 95 %
offers me contacts to other people 95 %
is a challenge for me 90 %
keeps me fit 87
is relaxing 84
keeps me healthy 72
• Study with amateur musicians of seniors´ orchestras from Germany, Austria and Switzerland (2007)
• 308 probands, average age = 71 years
Gembris, H. (2008). Musical Activities in the Third Age. In: A. Daubney et al. (Eds.), Musical Development and Learning. Conference Proceedings, 2nd European Conference on Developmental Psychology of Music (S. 103-108): Hull: GK Publishing
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The sphere of the individuum:
Five dimensions of quality of life
• physical wellbeing
• social wellbeing
• emotional wellbeing
• development and activity
• material wellbeing
Felce, D. & Perry, J. (1995). Quality of life: its definition
and measurement.
positive effects
of music
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What is the meaning of music in your life?
• 82 probands, Research method: Content analysis of guideline interviews and autobiographical texts about the meaning of music in the life of elderly people
• Hartogh, Th. (2005). Musikgeragogik – ein bildungstheoretischer Entwurf. Augsburg: Wissner, S. 167f.
• .
Active music-making
Experience of sense Quality of life
Well-being
social contacts Life-coping
Challenge
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society
3 spheres of music activities (not
only for older people)
social environment
Individuum
Singing in a choir,
playing an instru-
ment in an
ensemble, band or
orchestra …
Ensuring cultural
participation and
inclusion for ALL
Institutions: music
schools, academies,
nursing houses …
Singing, playing an
instrument, listening
to music, visiting
concerts
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The sphere of society:
Institutions for music activities
• Music Schools
• Music clubs, amateur choirs and orchestras
• Community Colleges
• Academies for the elderly
• Universities
• Nursing homes
• Parishes
• …
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Structure
• Enhancement of the quality of life as the main
aim in cultural gerontology
• The increasing demand for cultural activities
• Examples for musical activities in several
institutions
• People with dementia as musicians
• Further education in cultural gerontology
– Kulturgeragogik
– Musikgeragogik
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Susanne Keuchel und Andreas Johannes Wiesand (Zentrum für Kulturforschung) Centre for Cultural
Research (2008). Bonn: ARCult Media
Summary: www.kulturforschung.de
Results of a representative population
survey:
Das Kulturbarometer 50+
„Zwischen Bach und
Blues…“
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Assessment of the artistic skills at
the age
0
20
40
60
80
50 to 59
years
60 to 69
years
70 to 79
years
80
years
and
more
You can learn
artistic skills just
as younger people
(e.g. playing an
Even an elderly
person can learn to
develop artistic
skills
You can learn artistic
skills only in young age
(e.g. playing
an instrument)
Even an elderly
person can learn
to develop
artistic skills
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Forecasts of demand for education
• In older people there is an increasing
interest in artistic and creative self-activity.
• Cultural institutions will be optimally
occupied despite the demographic
changes, if they react to the interest of the
50 + generation of artistic activities in the
medium term.
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The number of adult students at
music schools of the Association of
German music schools (VdM)
157845298 6473 7487 8689 9132 11160 130024200
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
19-25 26-60 60+Quelle: Deutscher Musikrat 2014
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Services of the VdM-Music Schools
• instrumental lessons
• vocal lessons
• music theatre projects
• multi-generation orchestras
• seniors‘ orchestra
• historical dance music
• elementary music-making
• music theory
• academy for adults (e.g. „Rheinische Musikschule“ at Cologne)
• ……
Examples for best
practice in:
Verband deutscher
Musikschulen (Hrsg.)
(2008). Musik – ein Leben
lang. Grundlagen und
Praxisbeispiele. Bonn: VdM
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Marc Brand (2014). Musically active into old age. A
study of music lessons with older people. Research
Report of Hochschule Luzern
• Interviews with 55 + students and music teachers in
Central Switzerland
• Results:
– increasing demand of musical education offers
– Teachers feel teaching with elders as enrichment
• Recommendations:
– Expansion of instrumental and vocal teaching
– Supplementary development of music theory courses
– Low-threshold group activities, such as music school Obwalden:
Yodel group, pop and musical choir
– Small further education for music teachers on the topic "Making
music 55 +“
– Cooperations with retirement facilities and Pro Senectute
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Structure
• Enhancement of the quality of life as the main
aim in cultural gerontology
• The increasing demand for cultural activities
• Examples for musical activities in several
institutions
• People with dementia as musicians
• Further education in cultural gerontology
– Kulturgeragogik
– Musikgeragogik
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Examples for playing music/dancing
alone or in a group
Individuum and social environment
listening to songs and
classical music pieces
and accompanying them
with Orff instruments
playing in a Rock
band
learning new instruments
with or without dementia:
Veeh-harp, piano
continuing developing
musical skills together
dancing while seated
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Projects in Switzerland
• „Senior-Sax-Ensembles“ in Sissach,
conducted by Thomas Heid
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• „Music Academy for Seniors“ at Hamburg: founded and run by Professor Ernst-Ulrich von Kameke
• Services: – chamber music and orchestra
– piano and art song
– music theory
– choral singing
– ensemble
– journeys (e.g. visits to operas …)
• www.musik-akademie.de
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Intergenerational projects (Awarded by the German Music Council)
• Angelika Jekic
(Neusäß):
Elementary music
education in the
senior work
• Christian Werner
(Braunschweig):
Musical Workshop:
School and nursing
home together
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Sing from seventy: Experimental choir
for older voices • Initiated and directed by Bernhard König
• All singers are 70+!
• First performance on stage at the 33rd Protestant Church
Congress in Dresden in 2011
www.schraege-musik.de
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Veeh-Harp-Ensembles
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St. Maria-
Martha Stift in
Lindau
Activities in the
nursing home:
• Public concerts in the
prayer room
• Singing group
• Singing together with
kindergarten children
• Serenade for
anniversaries
• Integration of music in
nursing ...
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www.maria-martha-
stift.de
Guitar lessons for employees
Singing bowls therapy and
massage
Music Workshop
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Musikmobil der AWO Ostwestfalen Lippe Evaluation: University of Vechta
• Musical visiting service by senior volunteers for people with dementia (2012-2014)
• three-day training course + monthly side events
Henning Meier www.awo-musikmobil.de
• guideline interviews with 81 senior volunteers who were trained to make music in nursing homes with people with dementia
• Result: high well-being in the new activity
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Mentorship for singing
„Canto elementar“
• intergenerational singproject
• trained seniors go once a week in kindergartens
and sing with children.
• In Hamburg ca. 400 singing volunteers are
actively in more than 60 nursery schools.
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Key Task and benefits of music
education
• Key task of music education – Individuum: impart musical knowledge, competencies
and experience – Social environment: enable to make music with others – Society: provide the framework for formal and
informal music acitivities and education
• Benefits (if the musical offers have a good quality) – Enhancement of well-being – Comfort in crises – Enhancement of social contacts – Experience of sense – Feeling healthy
making music and listening to music
QUALITY
OF LIFE
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In: Aging and Mental Health
2007
Methode:
31 „non-musicians“ (60-85 years) participated in the
study
16 took piano lessons about 6 months
15 didn´t get piano lessons
measurements:
Before the lessons started (pre-test)
Directly after the 6 months (post-test)
3 months after the lessons (delay)
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Result:
The "Piano seniors" had compared to the control group
improved memory function, improved strategy development.
Digit-Symbol-test Trail-making test
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Structure
• Enhancement of the quality of life as the main
aim in cultural gerontology
• The increasing demand for cultural activities
• Examples for musical activities in several
institutions
• People with dementia as musicians
• Further education in cultural gerontology
– Kulturgeragogik
– Musikgeragogik
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Are people with
dementia only recipients of
• Medical treatment
• Nursing care
• (Music) therapy
Or are they also
• participants in educational
and cultural activities
• Potential students
at a music school …?
People with dementia in Europe
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Symptoms of dementia
• Decrease of the mind
• memory loss
• Impoverishment of expressive behavior
• personality changes
• Impairment of independent living
• Restlessness, agitated behavior
Making music and
listening to music
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Study Results: Less agitated behaviour
• … while listening to music – Cohen-Mansfield et Werner, P. (1995). Environmental
influences on agitation. An integrative summary of an observational study. In: The American Journal of Alzheimer´s Care and related Disorders and Research, 10, 1, 32-39
• while listening to your favorite music (significant) – Park, Heeok; Pringle Specht, Janet, K. (2009). Effect of
Individualized Music on Agitation in Individuals with Dementia Who Live at Home. In: Journal for Gerontical Nursing – For Nursing Care of Older Adults, 8 (35), S. 47-55
• when music is played while eating – Ragneskog, H. et al. (1996). Dinner Music for Demented
Patients. Analysis of Video-Recorded Observations. In: Clin Nurs Res, 5 (3), S. 262-277
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Comparison of Cognitive stimulation und
music intervention Liesk, J., Hartogh, Th. & Kalbe, E. (2011)
• Randomized trial – target group: people with early-stage
dementia
• Methods – Pre-post comparison with tests (a. o.:
Barthel index, Demtect)
– Survey of the nursing staff
• Areas surveyed
– Cognition
– quality of life
– everyday functions
• no significant results, but significant developments in individual cases
6 weeks with 12 meetings à 1,5 h
each with 4 groups of 6 participants
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Case study from „Cognitive stimulation
und music intervention“
• significant diversity of the participants
– a participant at the age of 88: Significant
improvements in the peer-estimated Quality of
life (DQoL-P; Prä: 57, Post: 88 points).
• Liesk, J., Hartogh, Th. & Kalbe, E. (2014). Kognitive Stimulation und
Musikintervention bei stationär versorgten Menschen mit Demenz.
Eine Pilotstudie, Probleme und Perspektiven. In: Zeitschrift für
Gerontologie und Geriatrie, 47 (6)
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Sound bridges. Music therapy in the domestic
caretaking of seniors with dementia
• Two-year pilot study of the Geriatric Psychiatry at the Goethe University Frankfurt in collaboration with music therapists of the University of Applied Studies Frankfurt
• target group
– People with advanced dementia who were cared for in their home environment
• musical activities
– Singing, listening to music and playing an instrument
• research method
– Time series analysis of video recordings
• Result: Significant intervention effects
– non-verbal communication skills
– well-being
– emotional expression
But: "The benefits for the participants have more of a situational as a term lasting cumulative nature." (Abstract)
Schall, A. (2012). Zeitreihenanalyse musiktherapeutischer Effekte bei fortgeschrittener Demenz. Berlin: Logos
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The most important aims in practice
and research
• Care related: – facilitate the care
– Impact on dementia symptoms • Decrease agitated behavior
• Promoting cognition
• Increase every day function …
• enhancement of the quality of life
• Music related: – Maintaining and developement of
musical skills
– Conception of musical offers which are optimally adapted to people with dementia
Music in care
Lessons
and
concerts
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Dementia and Instrumental lessons
• reports about people who learn
violin despite of dementia or
singing in a choir
• „I was particularly touched by
the fact that the musical skill
and empathy - while the
other abilities wane - not only
remains, but apparently still
increase." (S. 368)
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Musical activities
• to listen to music
• to move to music
• to sing
• to visit concerts
• to play an instrument
Learning an
instrument despite of
dementia?
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Music lessons for people with dementia
Eva-Maria
Kehrer
Susanne Dauer Sybille Hoedt-Schmidt
Anke
Feierabend
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Instrumental
lesson
• Aims – Enhancement of the quality of life
– Learning an instrument
• results (trends) – People with dementia can learn to
play Veeh-harp – Improvement of fine and gross
motor controll
– Improvement of cognition
• Research methods – Barthel-Index
– DemTect
– Box and Block Test
– Nine-Hole-Peg-Test
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Instrumental lesson
• Research method: – Design-based
Research
• Research of contextual factors for instrumental lessons – impaired memory functions
– perseveration tendency (= pattern formation)
– unstable attention control
– communication problems
– negative attitudes (unmusical, too old...)
– great sense for atmosphere and ability to really listen to music
– procedural skills
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• Auf Flügeln der Musik –
Konzertprogramme für
Menschen mit Demenz
BKM-Preis Kulturelle Bildung 2014
(Beauftragte der Bundesregierung für Kultur
und Medien)
http://ibk-
kubia.de
Strunk-Richter, G. (2013). Auf Flügeln
der Musik. Konzertprogramme für
Menschen mit Demenz.
Beobachtungsbericht. Internet:
http://ibk-kubia.de
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Evaluation with Dementia Care
Mapping (DCM)
Observation of 20 persons in 3 different concert situations
DCM normally foresees:
• 6-8 hours observation
• 23 behaviour categories
• 6 levels of well-being
Modification to concert situation
• 1 hour
• Observation of a group of 6-8 persons
• Elaboration of list of 26 activities (clapping, humming, moving, waving to musicians, etc.)
Dr. Almuth Fricke
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Evaluation with – Dementia Care
Mapping (DCM) Conclusions:
• Above-average level of well-being of
observed PWDs
• A concert visit seems to be a pleasant and
valuable activity for PWD and contributes
to their well-being
• A good, secure and well-prepared setting
has a positive impact on PWD
Dr. Almuth Fricke
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Impact
Arts organisations (and their staffs):
• gained a better understanding of the needs and abilities of PWD,
• learned how to welcome PWD as integral part of their audiences,
• developed and implemented an innovative educational activity or programme as part of the regular programme,
• built new networks,
• enhanced reputation as inclusive arts organisations.
PWD and carers
• enriched their daily lives and routines,
• preserved and restored enjoyable active life and interest in
the community,
• reconnected with cultural activities they used to follow
before the diagnosis.
Dr. Almuth Fricke
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Impact
For wider society the project contributed to
• disseminate a better understanding of the continuing abilities and social needs of PWD,
• transform arts venues into spaces of encounter between
PWD, their families, carers and the community,
• overcome the stigma of dementia and enhance inclusion of
PWD and their carers.
Facilitators
• enhanced their skills in dealing with new „old“ audiences,
• gained basic knowledge about dementia and the
communication with PWD,
• lost fears and gain practical experience,
• advanced their CVs.
Dr. Almuth Fricke
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An affected person reports …
"I am going to sing more often in the future. When I sing, I feel safe, intact, healthy and alive! ... Singing, something to sing children's songs or hymns, of Hallelujah from Handel's Messiah (on the first note of the tenor voice I still remember today), up to some, indeed every Beatles song, gives me the feeling that I normally am, even feel good. "
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What kind of research do we need in Cultural
Gerontology in the Arts and Music?
• Research in the spheres of individuum, social environment
and society/institutions
• Research about
– the meaning of culture and music for older people
– cultural needs of older people
– the impacts of cultural activities
• educational and didactical research
– How to teach cultural contents to older people?
• Evaluation of projects (best practice)
– What are the context factors of successful practice?
• Action research of the practitioners
– reflecting practice
– optimizing cultural offerings
inte
r- and tra
nsdis
cip
linarity
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Structure
• Enhancement of the quality of life as the main
aim in cultural gerontology
• The increasing demand for cultural activities
• Examples for musical activities in several
institutions
• People with dementia as musicians
• Further education in cultural gerontology
– Kulturgeragogik
– Musikgeragogik
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Wiesbadener
Declaration 2007
The image of a human-oriented society is bound up with the conviction that the experience with music for its own sake must be allowed as a fundamental component in any age. …
Demands (selection from a total of 12): – The music must be used more extensively in care and social
work with the elderly, rehabilitation and therapy. This requires a qualified training in the Musikgeragogik (music with the elderly).
– The colleges and universities must qualify students for the specialized demands of cultural work with older people.
– Educational research must be intensified.
• Internet: http://www.musikrat.de/index.php?id=4657
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• 2012: Presidium Meeting EMU in Bonn:
Music geragogics. Musical learning in old
age
• 2013, 2014, 2015: Capacity Building
Seminar in Vaasa, Nyon und Prag:
“Many Students, Many Pedagogies!”
– i. a. seminar and presentation about the topic
“music with older people”
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(cultural work with the elderly)
– media education in the
dialogue between
generations
– project management and
public relations
– cultural activities with
people with dementia …
• University certificate: an own
project with a written
documentation and an oral
exam
Further Education Kulturgeragogik
www.kulturgeragogik.de
• Aim: Professionalization of
social workers, carers, culture
educators and artists
• duration: 7 weekends
• topics inter alia:
– visual arts/art education
– performing arts (dance,
theatre, buffoonery)
– Music
– writing workshops and
storytelling
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Further Education
Musikgeragogik music with the elderly
www.musikgeragogik.de/cms/welcome-to-
music-geragogics.php?lang=EN
• Aim: Professionalization of music teachers, music therapists, musicians, social workers and carers, volunteers …
• duration: 7 weekends
• topics inter alia: gerontology, biographical work, dementia and music, musical practice, instrument making, hearing acoustics …
• University certificate: an own project with a written documentation and an oral exam
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Further education in Germany:
„Dementia and music“
• Instrumental lessons with people with dementia – Evangelical aid for seniors Duisburg in cooperation with the music
and art school and the Alzheimer Society of Duisburg
– Target group: instrumental teachers
• "On the Wings of Music": people with dementia and their families in the concert hall – Institute for Education and Culture Remscheid
– Two-day training in Berlin, Northern and Southern Germany
– Target group: concert promoters, managers and Orchestra musicians
–
• "Music creates relationship“ – National Centre for Health Promotion in Mainz, in cooperation with
the University of Applied Sciences Münster
– 7 week ends
– Target group: nurses and social workers
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Further Education Literature Symposia Information
News
www.kulturgeragogik.de
www.musikgeragogik.de