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Culture
The values, traditions, worldview, and social and political relationships that are created, shared, and transformed by a group of people bound together by a common history, geographic location, language, social class, and/or religion.
(adapted from Sonia Nieto)
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Culture is a dynamic, constantly changing process that is shaped by political, social and economic conditions.
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• People share a myriad of different group identities based on a complex interaction of factors including • racial identity, • ethnicity, • language, • gender, • socio-economic status (class), • age, • physical ability, • religion, • political ideology, • interests, • and experiences.
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Although general knowledge of the cultures represented in our classrooms is useful, authentic cultural knowledge is gained one student at a time.
Eugene García
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What Culture Is
Dynamic, neither fixed nor static
A continuous and cumulative process
Learned and shared by a people
Behavior and values exhibited by a people
Symbolically represented through language
and interactions
That which guides people in their thinking,
feeling and acting
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What Culture Is Not
Mere artifacts of material used by a people
A ‘laundry list’ of traits and facts
Biological traits such as race
The idealized and romantic heritage of a
people as seen with music, holidays, etc.
Higher class status derived from a know-
ledge of the arts, manners, literature, etc.
Something to be bought, sold, or passed out
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Culture Exists on 3 Levels
The Symbolic: Our values and beliefs
The Behavioral: What we do and how
we communicate
The Concrete: Artifacts, music, foods,
and artistic works
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What is done?
What is
good/best?
What is true?
What is real?
Behavior
Values
Beliefs
World View
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“Perceptions depend on our life experiences and cultural orientation.”
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Ha! And you were worried they wouldn’t like Americans…Why, these people
just lit up when I explained we were Virginians!
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Adapted from J.A.Banks, Multiethnic Education: Theory and Practice, 2nd ed. (Boston: Allyn & Bacon, 1988), p. 79.
THE INDIVIDUAL
Social Class
Religion
Physical
Differences
Race/Ethnic Group
Nationality
Sexual Orientation
Gender Geographic
Region Age
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These group affiliations provide you with
your sense of identity and a certain security
in the world.
When they become dangerous and damaging to
others, is when they become discriminatory.
Racism
Sexism
Class-ism
Age-ism
Able-ism
Heterosexism
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Adapted from J.A.Banks, Multiethnic Education: Theory and Practice, 2nd ed. (Boston: Allyn & Bacon, 1988), p. 79.
THE INDIVIDUAL
Social Class
Religion
Physical
Differences
Race/Ethnic Group
Nationality
Sexual Orientation
Gender Geographic
Region Age
How can these group identifiers be obstacles
that culturally diverse students face in schools?
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Identify your own cultural orientation.
Nationality…
Age…
Ethnicity…
Economic status…
Gender…
Race…
Other…
Urban-suburban-rural…
Geographic region…
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Where Are You From?
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Where Are You From?
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Interdisciplinary Concepts of
Culture
Culture and
Ethnicity
(ethnic group, diversity, minorities)
Socialization
(prejudice, discrimination, racism, values)
Intercultural Communication
(perception)
Power and Relations
(power, protest, resistance)
Migration and Immigration
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Culture, ethnicity and related
concepts
Macrocultural group> microcultural group>ethnic group>ethnic minority • Macroculture: US culture
• Microcultures, smaller groups within the macroculture: Appalachian culture, Southern culture,
Western culture
gay culture (voluntary group)
various ethnic groups
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Ethnic group:
• Anglo-Saxon, Italian Americans, Mexican-American
involuntary microcultural groups with which individuals may or may not identify
group has a historic origin, shared heritage and ancestral tradition
members (may) share orientation, values, behavioral patterns, and often political and economic interests;
• individuals may be members of many different groups: religious kinship (association, relationship), economic groups
Ethnic identification or ethnicity may not be important to highly assimilated or upper socio-economic class members
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Ethnic minority group:
• People of color--African Americans, Vietnamese Americans, Hispanics
• Distinguished on the basis of religious characteristics: Muslims, Jewish Americans
involuntary microcultural groups with a historic origin, heritage and ancestral tradition; shared orientation, values, behavioral patterns, and often political and economic interests;
minority in number, and political and economic power
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Ethnic Diversity vs. Cultural Assimilation
• The mainstream culture and ethnic minority groups incorporate concepts from each culture and are transformed as they interact;
• Ethnic individuals may be bicultural, especially members in ethnic minorities
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Cultural Assimilation:
• Process by which an individual or group acquires the cultural traits of a different ethnic or cultural group, mainly for social mobility Culturally assimilated groups, especially color
groups, may still be victims of discrimination;
• Types:
voluntary –need of upward mobility
involuntary –forced assimilation such native migrants (native Americans) or forced immigrants (African Americans) who were forcedly integrated to the mainstream culture
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Acculturation:
• process by which the mainstream culture incorporates components of ethnic minority cultures: ethnic foods, artifacts
Cultural Encapsulation:
• process by which ethnic minority groups form cultural enclaves
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Intercultural Communication
and Related Concepts
The wider the differences in cultures or
microcultures between individuals, the more ineffective communication is likely to be.
Communication often fails across cultures because the message producer and the
receiver have few shared symbols and have been socialized within environments in which the same symbols are interpreted differently.
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Intercultural Communication and
Related Concepts
Factors that may influence perception:
• level of identification with a group,
• culture, ethnicity, and race are strong factors in The United States, a country characterized by inequality, high levels of ethnic discrimination and stratification along racial, social class, and ethnic lines
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Power and Related
Concepts
Almost every decision is made by those in power to enhance, legitimize and reinforce their
power
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Movement and related
concepts
Migration: movement of natives or citizens within the same country • American Indians, Eskimos, Native Hawaiians,
Aleuts
• Puerto Ricans are migrants to the mainland; not considered immigrants as they became citizens with the passage of the Congressional Jones Acts of 1917.
Immigration: individuals or groups who have settled in the US culture from a foreign country; legal, illegal, political asylum, etc.
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Important Terms
Culture
• Macroculture
• Microculture
• Ethnic group
• Ethnic minority
Encapsulation
Assimilation: melting pot
Acculturation: salad bowl
Migration
Immigration