CultureGroup-ways, taught over generationsBehavior
CourtshipChild-rearing
Material thingsShelterTools
Ideas, institutions, beliefsLanguage and dexterity facilitate cultureCulture enables human adaptation
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Paleolithic Age 1,000,000-10,000 B.C.E. (Old Stone Age)
No cultivation of agriculture
People were hunters and gatherers
Small nomadic tribes
Little control over nature
Some evidence of religious faith and use of magic
Division of labor by sex
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Neolithic Age 10,000-3500 B.C.E. (New Stone Age)
Cultivation of agricultureDomestication of animalsTransition from nomadic lifestyle to a more settled agricultural existenceGreater control over natureInvention of potteryPopulation growthGrowth of Cities
Catal HuyukJericho
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Defining Civilization
Urbanization
Social changeGrowth in population
Technological and industrial changeBronze metallurgy
Long-distance trade
Symbolic communication (writing, art)
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Mesopotamian CivilizationTigris and Euphrates RiversPolitically fragmentedSumerian and Semitic languagesAkkadian influence
Sargon and unificationNaram-Sin and the victory stele
Babylonian dominanceHammurabi (r. 1792-1750)Law code
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Mesopotamian CultureWriting
CuneiformWriting restricted to an educated elite
MathematicsSexagesimal system (units of 60)Astronomy
ReligionPolytheisticNature godsPessimistic view of life and afterlife
Slavery
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Egyptian Civilization
Importance of the Nile RiverUpper Egypt (south) – Nile valleyLower Egypt (north) – Nile delta
Unification and tradeSecurity and optimismExtraordinarily long political history
Unification 3100 B.C.E.Absorption into Roman empire 30 B.C.E.
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Old Kingdom 2700-2200 B.C.E.
Pharaoh was a god on earth
Maat – ideal of order, justice and truth
PyramidsPharonic tombs
Represented power and wealth of Egypt
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Later Kingdoms
Middle Kingdom 2025-1630 B.C.E.Power of the pharaohs more limited
Second Intermediate PeriodArrival of Hyksos
New Kingdom 1550-1075 B.C.E.Military expansion and empire
Tutankhamun – wealth of the New Kingdom
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Egyptian CultureLanguage and literature
Hieroglyphs
ReligionPolytheisticPtah, Atum, ReAkhenaten’s monotheism
Worship and the afterlifeClear view of afterworldBook of the DeadMummification
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Egyptian Society
WomenWomen could own and control property, sue for divorce, and had equal legal protection
Hatshepsut – powerful female pharaoh
SlavesFirst numerous during Middle Kingdom
• Black Africans and Asians
Massive slavery during expansion of New Kingdom• Hebrews enslaved
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Ancient Near Eastern EmpiresHittites 1500-1200 B.C.E.
Indo-European peoplePowerful statInvention of iron
KassitesLater Babylonian empirePeople of unknown origin
MitanniansCapital at WashukaniChariot warfare and horse training
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Later Near Eastern Empires
AssyriansSemitic speaking peoples in Assur
Expansion 1000-665 B.C.E.
Powerful army – reputation for cruelty
Conquered Mesopotamia, Syria, Palestine, Egypt
Well-structured empire
Civil war and collapse
Neo-BabyloniansNebuchadnezzar and wonders of Babylon
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Early Indian Civilization
Geographic considerationsHimalayan mountain barrier
Indus River
Ganges River
West open to invaders
Political fragmentation
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Indus Civilization 2500-1500 B.C.E.
Writing can not be read so still mysteriousLarger area than Mesopotamia or EgyptHarappa and Mohenjo-Daro
Both populations of over 35,000Homogeneous archaeological sitesCentralized governmentsCities laid out in structured gridsTemplesComplex system of drains and sewersPrivate houses with wells and bathrooms
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Life in the Indus CivilizationEconomy based on agricultureTrade between Indus and MesopotamiaFine bronze and stone sculpturesReligion
Link to later Indian religious practicesMale image similar to Hindu god ShivaTerra-cotta figurines of females
Passing of Indus Civilization 1700 B.C.E.Impact of Aryan invaders?Flooding and ecological damage
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Vedic Aryan Civilization
Aryan invaders – Indo-Europeans
Rig-Vedic Age 1700-1000 B.C.E.Vedas – source of most information
• Aryan sacred texts• “Knowledge”• Rig-Veda
1028 Hymns to the gods
Aryans• “Nobles”• Central Asian origins
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“Aryanizing” of North India
Vedic Aryans were seminomadic warriorsHorsemen and cattle herdersAryans left their mark in the changes they left in conquered regions
New languageSocial organizationTechniques of warfareReligious forms and ideas
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Late Vedic Age 1000-500 B.C.E.
Also known as Brahmanic AgeDominance of priestly class or Brahmans
Literary classicsWritten later (400 B.C.E.-200 C.E), but set during this period
MahabharataWorld’s longest epic poemCivil war between two Aryan clans
RamayanaAdventures of legendary King Rama
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Vedic Aryan SocietyPatrilineal societyTribes ruled by raja or chieftainAryan society originally had simple division between nobles and commoners
Dasas were darker conquered peoples
Later rise of four varnas or classesBrahman – priestKshatriya – warrior or nobleVaishya – peasant or tradesmanShudra – servant
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Vedic ReligionMixing of Aryan and Indus conceptsUpanishads – 800 B.C.E.
Religious texts – mature form of HinduismTopics like transmigration of soul after death
Various godsIndra – god of war and stormVaruna – guarded the cosmic orderAgni – fire-god of sacrifice and priests
BrahmanThe transcendent principle of reality
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Early Chinese Civilization
Neolithic origins 4000 B.C.E.Yellow River basin
Yangtze, West, Red
Agricultural revolutionMilletRice
Xia Dynasty 2205-1766 B.C.E.May be legendary
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Shang Dynasty 1766-1050 B.C.E.
Capital near Anyang
“Oracle bones” – divination
Three notable features of Shang DynastyWriting
• Religious concept – “Deity Above”• Cosmology
Bronze
Social classes• Human sacrifice
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Western Zhou 1050-771 B.C.E.
Shang fall to Zhou from western ChinaContinuation of Shang patternsChange in notion of political legitimacy
Mandate of HeavenWithdrawn from wicked ShangA moral willHeaven increasingly seen as an abstract metaphysical force
Western half of empire falls to barbarians
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Eastern Zhou 771-256 B.C.E.
Move to eastern capital of LuoyangSpring and Autumn Period 771-481Warring States Period 481-256Rise of large territorial states
Expansion of population and agricultural landsRise of commerceRise of a new kind of army
• Cavalry and professional commanders
China on verge of unification
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Rise of Civilization in the Americas
Land bridge between Siberia and AlaskaLast ice age
Human crossing
Initially hunters and gatherers
Neolithic revolutionMany parts of Americas poor in animal resources
American production of plants providing protein much greater than in Europe
Cultivation of maize in Mexico by 4000 B.C.E.
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Population in the AmericasFour areas of dense settlementPacific Northwest
Dependent on fish instead of agriculture
Mississippi valleyMaize agricultureHigh level of social and political integrationCollapsed before European contact
MesoamericaAndean region of South America
Strong, long-lasting states
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Mesoamerican Civilization
Pre-Classic 2000 B.C.E.-150 C.E.Also known as Formative period
Olmecs• Capitals – San Lorenzo and La Venta• Origins of writing
Classic 150-900 C.E.Maya and Teotihuacán
Post-Classic 900-1521 C.E.Maya, Toltecs and Aztecs
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Andean CivilizationComplex agricultural regionEarly Horizon period
Chavin de Huantar
Early Intermediate periodMoche and Nazca
Middle Horizon periodHuari and Tiahuanaco
Later Intermediate periodChimu
Rise of Inca
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