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Current Status of Fresh Fruit Export in Korea
Lee, Seung Koo
Department of Plant Science
Seoul National University
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Population : Population : Population : Population : 47.6447.6447.6447.64 m.m.m.m.
Total area : Total area : Total area : Total area : 9.969.969.969.96 m. ham. ham. ham. ha
Cultivated area: Cultivated area: Cultivated area: Cultivated area: 2.022.022.022.02 m. ham. ham. ham. ha
Horticulture : Horticulture : Horticulture : Horticulture : 0.410.410.410.41 m. ham. ham. ham. ha
Import of grain : Import of grain : Import of grain : Import of grain : 14.714.714.714.7 mtmtmtmt/yr/yr/yr/yr
(Self(Self(Self(Self----sufficiency rate : sufficiency rate : sufficiency rate : sufficiency rate : 30 30 30 30 %)%)%)%)
Current Status of Fresh Fruit Current Status of Fresh Fruit
Export in KoreaExport in Korea
Lee, Seung Koo
Seoul National University
3/40Typical temperate climate with four distinct seasonsTypical temperate climate with four distinct seasonsTypical temperate climate with four distinct seasonsTypical temperate climate with four distinct seasons
4/40
-5-5-5-5
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15151515
20202020
25252525
30303030
JANJANJANJAN FEBFEBFEBFEB MARMARMARMAR APRAPRAPRAPR MAYMAYMAYMAY JUNJUNJUNJUN JULJULJULJUL AUGAUGAUGAUG SEPSEPSEPSEP OCTOCTOCTOCT NOVNOVNOVNOV DECDECDECDEC
0000
100100100100
200200200200
300300300300
400400400400
JANJANJANJAN FEBFEBFEBFEB MARMARMARMAR APRAPRAPRAPR MAYMAYMAYMAY JUNJUNJUNJUN JULJULJULJUL AUGAUGAUGAUG SEPSEPSEPSEP OCTOCTOCTOCT NOVNOVNOVNOV DECDECDECDEC
㎜㎜㎜㎜ Average precipitation, SeoulAverage precipitation, SeoulAverage precipitation, SeoulAverage precipitation, Seoul(1,344mm/year)(1,344mm/year)(1,344mm/year)(1,344mm/year)
2/32/32/32/3 of totalof totalof totalof totalrainfallrainfallrainfallrainfall
℃℃℃℃ Average temperature, SeoulAverage temperature, SeoulAverage temperature, SeoulAverage temperature, SeoulYear Year Year Year aveaveaveave.= 12.2.= 12.2.= 12.2.= 12.2 ℃℃℃℃
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0000
10101010
20202020
30303030
40404040
50505050
1965196519651965 1970197019701970 1980198019801980 1990199019901990 2000200020002000
millionmillionmillionmillion
0000
20202020
40404040
60606060
80808080
100100100100
120120120120
140140140140
160160160160
'80'80'80'80 '90'90'90'90 '95'95'95'95 '99'99'99'99
Colored TVColored TVColored TVColored TV
RefrigeratorRefrigeratorRefrigeratorRefrigerator
TelephoneTelephoneTelephoneTelephone
Washing Washing Washing Washing mermermermer
AutomobileAutomobileAutomobileAutomobile
Mobile phoneMobile phoneMobile phoneMobile phone
ComputerComputerComputerComputer
High living standard in rural areaHigh living standard in rural areaHigh living standard in rural areaHigh living standard in rural area
Total Total Total Total popupopupopupopu....
Farm Farm Farm Farm popupopupopupopu....
10 million farmers10 million farmers10 million farmers10 million farmersmoved to citiesmoved to citiesmoved to citiesmoved to cities
0000
10101010
20202020
30303030
40404040
50505050
60606060
1965196519651965 1970197019701970 1980198019801980 1990199019901990 1999199919991999
%%%% Rural being aged rapidlyRural being aged rapidlyRural being aged rapidlyRural being aged rapidly
Under 19 yrUnder 19 yrUnder 19 yrUnder 19 yr
Over 50 yrOver 50 yrOver 50 yrOver 50 yr
Drastic changes happened in Korean rural societyDrastic changes happened in Korean rural societyDrastic changes happened in Korean rural societyDrastic changes happened in Korean rural society
RuralRuralRuralRural exodusexodusexodusexodus
JapanJapanJapanJapan31 31 31 31 yrsyrsyrsyrs
NetherlandsNetherlandsNetherlandsNetherlands95 95 95 95 yrsyrsyrsyrs
1850185018501850 1900190019001900 1950195019501950 2000200020002000
Number of years during which farm employees wereNumber of years during which farm employees wereNumber of years during which farm employees wereNumber of years during which farm employees were
reduced to 16% from 40% of total work forcesreduced to 16% from 40% of total work forcesreduced to 16% from 40% of total work forcesreduced to 16% from 40% of total work forces
50505050
40404040
20202020
10101010
%%%% KoreaKoreaKoreaKorea14 14 14 14 yrsyrsyrsyrs
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Our farmersOur farmersOur farmersOur farmers
are stillare stillare stillare still
poor, poor, poor, poor,
eveneveneveneven
poorerpoorerpoorerpoorer
RiceRiceRiceRice
ProductivityProductivityProductivityProductivity
= = = = 5t/ha 5t/ha 5t/ha 5t/ha ====
The highestThe highestThe highestThe highest
Rice price,Rice price,Rice price,Rice price,
5555----9 9 9 9 timestimestimestimes
HigherHigherHigherHigher
The highestThe highestThe highestThe highest
XXXX ====
Because our farm size is Because our farm size is Because our farm size is Because our farm size is too smalltoo smalltoo smalltoo small
((((1.39ha/household, 20021.39ha/household, 20021.39ha/household, 20021.39ha/household, 2002))))
The most serious The most serious The most serious The most serious problem problem problem problem faced in Korean agriculturefaced in Korean agriculturefaced in Korean agriculturefaced in Korean agriculture
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0%0%0%0%
20%20%20%20%
40%40%40%40%
60%60%60%60%
80%80%80%80%
100%100%100%100%
'65'65'65'65 '70'70'70'70 '75'75'75'75 '80'80'80'80 '85'85'85'85 '90'90'90'90 '95'95'95'95 '00'00'00'00
The horticulture industry has becomeThe horticulture industry has becomeThe horticulture industry has becomeThe horticulture industry has becomeincreasingly important in Korea increasingly important in Korea increasingly important in Korea increasingly important in Korea
RiceRiceRiceRice
OthersOthersOthersOthers
AnimalsAnimalsAnimalsAnimals
58585858 40404040
3333
6666
31313131 13131313
HorticultureHorticultureHorticultureHorticulture8888 41414141
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TotalTotalTotalTotal$ 11.5 billion$ 11.5 billion$ 11.5 billion$ 11.5 billion
2004200420042004
VegetablesVegetablesVegetablesVegetables$7.7 b.$7.7 b.$7.7 b.$7.7 b.
66 %66 %66 %66 %FruitsFruitsFruitsFruits
$2.9 b.$2.9 b.$2.9 b.$2.9 b.
26 %26 %26 %26 %
OrnamentalsOrnamentalsOrnamentalsOrnamentals$ 0.9 b.$ 0.9 b.$ 0.9 b.$ 0.9 b.
8%8%8%8%
Production value of Horticultural CropsProduction value of Horticultural CropsProduction value of Horticultural CropsProduction value of Horticultural Cropsin Korea, 2004in Korea, 2004in Korea, 2004in Korea, 2004
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KimchiKimchiKimchiKimchi: major usage for vegetables in Korea,: major usage for vegetables in Korea,: major usage for vegetables in Korea,: major usage for vegetables in Korea,
More than 200 different kinds of Kimchi available,More than 200 different kinds of Kimchi available,More than 200 different kinds of Kimchi available,More than 200 different kinds of Kimchi available,
No Kimchi, No KoreanNo Kimchi, No KoreanNo Kimchi, No KoreanNo Kimchi, No Korean
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4444thththth
2222ndndndnd
7777thththth
3333rdrdrdrd1111stststst
10101010thththth
5555thththth6666thththth
8888thththth 9999thththth
The product value The product value The product value The product value ($ million)($ million)($ million)($ million) and their market sharesand their market sharesand their market sharesand their market sharesof ten major vegetables in Koreaof ten major vegetables in Koreaof ten major vegetables in Koreaof ten major vegetables in Korea
(These(These(These(These 10101010 crops formed crops formed crops formed crops formed 80%80%80%80% of the total)of the total)of the total)of the total)
$ $ $ $ 438 438 438 438 M. (M. (M. (M. (8888%) %) %) %) $ $ $ $ 455 455 455 455 M. (M. (M. (M. (8888%)%)%)%)$ $ $ $ 457 457 457 457 M. (M. (M. (M. (8888%) %) %) %)
$ $ $ $ 343343343343 M. (M. (M. (M. (6666%)%)%)%) $ $ $ $ 320 320 320 320 M. (M. (M. (M. (6666%)%)%)%) $ $ $ $ 239 239 239 239 M. (M. (M. (M. (4444%) %) %) %) $$$$237 237 237 237 M.(M.(M.(M.(4444%)%)%)%)
$$$$1,130 1,130 1,130 1,130 M. (M. (M. (M. (20202020%)%)%)%) $ $ $ $ 478 478 478 478 M. (M. (M. (M. (9999%) %) %) %) $ $ $ $ 477 477 477 477 M. (M. (M. (M. (9999%) %) %) %)
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Major fruits in Korea (2004)Major fruits in Korea (2004)Major fruits in Korea (2004)Major fruits in Korea (2004)
1st1st1st1st 2nd2nd2nd2nd 3rd3rd3rd3rd
6th6th6th6th4th4th4th4th 5th5th5th5th
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A view of protected vegetables growing area from an airplane
0000
30000300003000030000
60000600006000060000
90000900009000090000
120000120000120000120000
'70'70'70'70 '75'75'75'75 '80'80'80'80 '85'85'85'85 '90'90'90'90 '95'95'95'95 '00'00'00'00 '01'01'01'01 '02'02'02'02
hahahaha
Changes in protected areaChanges in protected areaChanges in protected areaChanges in protected area
13/40Super-high tech for pepper production
(fully automated glasshouse)
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Table 1. Fruit production in Korea. (103 M/T)
2,4102,5002,4282,153Total
78716673Etc
72575139Plum
200187170151Peach
299281287260Persimmon
357433488459Apple
368422475397Grape
452386324259Pear
584642563511Citrus
2004200220001998
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citrus
pear
grape
persimmon
apple
peach
plum etc....
total
2410
Fig. 2. Fruit production (103M/T) in 2004.
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Table 2. Export value of horticultural crops from Korea. (M US$)
355210283278262Total
4945323230Flowers
8671825645Fruits
230194169190187Vegetables
20042003200220012000
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Table 3. Export value of fruits from Korea. (M US$)
5.63.62.34.64.4Persimmon
3.45.64.35.74.9Citrus
7.85.27.714.23.0Apple
56.135.230.134.119.6Pear
20052004200320022001
18/40Oriental pearsOriental pearsOriental pearsOriental pears
‘NiitakaNiitakaNiitakaNiitaka’::::79% of oriental pear production 79% of oriental pear production 79% of oriental pear production 79% of oriental pear production crisp in texture crisp in texture crisp in texture crisp in texture good to eat as soon as harvestedgood to eat as soon as harvestedgood to eat as soon as harvestedgood to eat as soon as harvestedlarge and round to slightly flattenlarge and round to slightly flattenlarge and round to slightly flattenlarge and round to slightly flatten
bronzebronzebronzebronze----russet skinrusset skinrusset skinrusset skin
19/40ApplesApplesApplesApples
‘FujiFujiFujiFuji’::::80% of apple production 80% of apple production 80% of apple production 80% of apple production late season cultivarlate season cultivarlate season cultivarlate season cultivarlarge, high sugar, firm flesh texturelarge, high sugar, firm flesh texturelarge, high sugar, firm flesh texturelarge, high sugar, firm flesh textureyellowyellowyellowyellow----green with red highlightsgreen with red highlightsgreen with red highlightsgreen with red highlightsexcellent for eating freshexcellent for eating freshexcellent for eating freshexcellent for eating freshgood balance of high sugar and organic acidgood balance of high sugar and organic acidgood balance of high sugar and organic acidgood balance of high sugar and organic acidvery long storage life very long storage life very long storage life very long storage life
20/40CitrusCitrusCitrusCitrus
‘Satsuma MandarinSatsuma MandarinSatsuma MandarinSatsuma Mandarin’::::98% of citrus production98% of citrus production98% of citrus production98% of citrus productionvery tolerant to cold weathervery tolerant to cold weathervery tolerant to cold weathervery tolerant to cold weathersweet, seedless fruit with delicate sweet, seedless fruit with delicate sweet, seedless fruit with delicate sweet, seedless fruit with delicate flavorflavorflavorflavorRind is loose and can easily be removed.Rind is loose and can easily be removed.Rind is loose and can easily be removed.Rind is loose and can easily be removed.
21/40PersimmonsPersimmonsPersimmonsPersimmons
sweet persimmon and astringent persimmonsweet persimmon and astringent persimmonsweet persimmon and astringent persimmonsweet persimmon and astringent persimmon
''''FuyuFuyuFuyuFuyu’: : : : 82% of sweet persimmon production82% of sweet persimmon production82% of sweet persimmon production82% of sweet persimmon productionExcellent Excellent Excellent Excellent flavorflavorflavorflavor for eatingfor eatingfor eatingfor eating
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Postharvest research in Korea
1950’s: no postharvest research
1960’s: common stores with clay bricks (apple, pear)
MA storage with PVC film (persimmon, vegetables)
1970’s: MA storage
storage for national security
pretreatment technology
some postharvest physiology (respiration)
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1980’s: low cost storage
standard fruit store
packaging and filler
cold storage
1990’s: postharvest technology for globalization
cold-chain system
packaging with functional films
CA storage with nitrogen generator
2000’s: well-being era
nutritional quality
phytonutrients
convenient food
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AAAA BBBB
CCCC DDDD
AAAA BBBB
CCCC DDDD
Fig. 35. Scanning electron micrographs of the conidial shapes
and acervulus of Gloeodes pomigena isolated from black stain
Niitaka pear fruit skin. A, Colony separated from black stain
pear fruit skin(×1k); B, Colony separated from black stain
pear fruit skin(×20k); C, Cultured colony separated from
black stain pear fruit skin(×1k); D, Cultured colony separated
from black stain pear fruit skin(×20k).
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100µµµµm
P (EC)
CC
H
SC
Fig. 20. Anatomical structure of skin tissue on Niitaka pear
fruit showing initiating and terminating portion of the
peeling-off disorder. CC, cork cell; H, hypodermis;
P(EC), phellogen (elongated cell).
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Agricultural & Fishery Marketing Corporation (AFMC)Agricultural & Fishery Marketing Corporation (AFMC)Agricultural & Fishery Marketing Corporation (AFMC)Agricultural & Fishery Marketing Corporation (AFMC)
in charge of exports and imports of agricultural products in Korin charge of exports and imports of agricultural products in Korin charge of exports and imports of agricultural products in Korin charge of exports and imports of agricultural products in Koreaeaeaea
main duty:main duty:main duty:main duty:collection of agricultural and fishery trade informationcollection of agricultural and fishery trade informationcollection of agricultural and fishery trade informationcollection of agricultural and fishery trade informationpromotion of sales, and public relations development in overseaspromotion of sales, and public relations development in overseaspromotion of sales, and public relations development in overseaspromotion of sales, and public relations development in overseas marketsmarketsmarketsmarketsparticipate in major international exhibitionsparticipate in major international exhibitionsparticipate in major international exhibitionsparticipate in major international exhibitionsoperate Korean food exhibitions and overseas exhibitionsoperate Korean food exhibitions and overseas exhibitionsoperate Korean food exhibitions and overseas exhibitionsoperate Korean food exhibitions and overseas exhibitionsinstall export public relations in partner tradinginstall export public relations in partner tradinginstall export public relations in partner tradinginstall export public relations in partner trading countriescountriescountriescountries
operate financial assistance programs:operate financial assistance programs:operate financial assistance programs:operate financial assistance programs:wholesale market construction loanswholesale market construction loanswholesale market construction loanswholesale market construction loansadvanced payment loansadvanced payment loansadvanced payment loansadvanced payment loansshipping promotion loansshipping promotion loansshipping promotion loansshipping promotion loans
Overseas offices:Overseas offices:Overseas offices:Overseas offices:Japan (Tokyo, Osaka), Netherlands (Rotterdam), U.S.A. (New YJapan (Tokyo, Osaka), Netherlands (Rotterdam), U.S.A. (New YJapan (Tokyo, Osaka), Netherlands (Rotterdam), U.S.A. (New YJapan (Tokyo, Osaka), Netherlands (Rotterdam), U.S.A. (New York, LA)ork, LA)ork, LA)ork, LA)RussiaRussiaRussiaRussia (Moscow), Singapore, and China (Beijing, Shanghai)(Moscow), Singapore, and China (Beijing, Shanghai)(Moscow), Singapore, and China (Beijing, Shanghai)(Moscow), Singapore, and China (Beijing, Shanghai)
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Recommendations:Recommendations:Recommendations:Recommendations:
LaborLaborLaborLabor----saving technologiessaving technologiessaving technologiessaving technologies should be developed for improving price should be developed for improving price should be developed for improving price should be developed for improving price competitiveness. competitiveness. competitiveness. competitiveness.
Restructuring of fruit production and marketing systemsRestructuring of fruit production and marketing systemsRestructuring of fruit production and marketing systemsRestructuring of fruit production and marketing systems are are are are needed to reduce production needed to reduce production needed to reduce production needed to reduce production cost.cost.cost.cost.
It is essential to develop the It is essential to develop the It is essential to develop the It is essential to develop the modernized systems for postharvest modernized systems for postharvest modernized systems for postharvest modernized systems for postharvest operationsoperationsoperationsoperations....
Improving the Improving the Improving the Improving the brand valuesbrand valuesbrand valuesbrand values of Korean fruits into the overseasof Korean fruits into the overseasof Korean fruits into the overseasof Korean fruits into the overseas’ markets is markets is markets is markets is
also important. also important. also important. also important.
Systematic Systematic Systematic Systematic export promotionexport promotionexport promotionexport promotion programs should be implemented.programs should be implemented.programs should be implemented.programs should be implemented.
DDDDevelopmentevelopmentevelopmentevelopment of of of of new varietiesnew varietiesnew varietiesnew varieties is needed through new biotechnology is needed through new biotechnology is needed through new biotechnology is needed through new biotechnology technique.technique.technique.technique.
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Kang, S.J. and I.K. Yoon. 2004. Trend of Korean fruit industry aKang, S.J. and I.K. Yoon. 2004. Trend of Korean fruit industry aKang, S.J. and I.K. Yoon. 2004. Trend of Korean fruit industry aKang, S.J. and I.K. Yoon. 2004. Trend of Korean fruit industry and allotment of nd allotment of nd allotment of nd allotment of research organizations for efficient increment, p 37research organizations for efficient increment, p 37research organizations for efficient increment, p 37research organizations for efficient increment, p 37----59. In: Workshop for the ability 59. In: Workshop for the ability 59. In: Workshop for the ability 59. In: Workshop for the ability increment in the fruit tree research area. National Horticulturaincrement in the fruit tree research area. National Horticulturaincrement in the fruit tree research area. National Horticulturaincrement in the fruit tree research area. National Horticultural Research Institute.l Research Institute.l Research Institute.l Research Institute.
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