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1 U.S. Customs & Border Patrol. CBP’s 2011 Fiscal Year in Review, December 12, 2011. http://www.cbp.gov/xp/cgov/newsroom/news_releases/archives/2011_news_archive/12122011.xml
2 Cappiello, Nicholas D. “Counterfeit-Resistant Technology: An Essential Investment to Protect Consumers and to Avoid Liability.” Journal of Health & Biomedical Law, 2 (2006): p. 279.
3 World Customs Organization. WCO Publishes Its Three Annual Reports on IPR, Drugs and Tobacco, July 4, 2012.http://www.wcoomd.org/en/media/newsroom/2012/july/wco-publishes-its-three-annual-reports-on-ipr-drugs-and-tobacco.aspx
4 Drug Enforcement Administration. “DEA Arrests Nine People throughout Florida during the First National Synthetic Drug Takedown as Port of Operation Log Jam.” Press Release, July 31, 2012.
5 U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement. Program Global Shield. Pamphlet, June 2011.
6 U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Cargo Screening. http://www.dhs.gov/cargo-screening
Thermo Scientific Portable Analytical Instruments Benefits at-a-Glance
• Fast, accurate chemical identification at ports of entry and borders
• High throughput for increased productivity and informed decision making
• Ease of use with menu-driven interface for fast training and proficiency
• Increased duty recovery through counterfeit and mislabeled drug identification
Technology OverviewRaman and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spec-troscopy are lab-proven, trusted analysis techniques thatprovide highly accurate analysis results:
• Raman: As a laser-based technique, Raman spectroscopyuses a single laser to interrogate a sample, measuring thelight that is scattered by the sample of interest todevelop the chemical fingerprint. Raman is uniquelyable to scan through transparent or translucentcontainers, eliminating direct contact with the substanceand providing significant tactical advantage.
• FTIR: Complementary to Raman, FTIR is an absorptiontechnique. A broad-spectrum light is used to interrogatethe sample, and the light that is absorbed provides thechemical fingerprint. FTIR is well suited for fluorescentor dark-colored substances which can be problematicfor a Raman spectrometer.
Meeting the Challenge of Customs and Border ProtectionCustoms organizations worldwide face a daunting chal-lenge—detect and deter dangerous and hazardoussubstances while facilitating commerce and safe travel.From narcotics and explosives identification to anti-coun-terfeit inspection, the ultimate goal is to protect the publicby ensuring the integrity of materials that reach our shoresand borders. Thermo Scientific portable analytical instru-ments were specifically designed and engineered to helpmeet this challenge.
To discuss your particular application and require-ments, please contact your local Thermo Scientific repre-sentative, email [email protected], or visitour website at www.thermoscientific.com/safety-chemID.
Complementary technologies provide a broad range of identification techniques.
Raman FTIR
Customs and Border Protection Keeping the Public Safe—and Commerce Moving—with Handheld Checkpoint Solutions
Customs and Border Protection—On the Front LineBy land, by sea, by air. Customs andBorder Protection (CBP) organizationsare charged with protecting publicsafety by serving as guardians of anation’s borders. They are expectedto facilitate legitimate trade whilestemming the overwhelming, constantflow of suspect shipments. Despitetheir constant vigilance, the world’sports of entry and borders can serveas gateways for illegal narcotics, newsynthetic drugs, explosives, precursors,counterfeit pharmaceuticals, andunknown chemicals. In the UnitedStates alone in fiscal year 2011, 24.3million containers come through thenation’s ports of entry (POE), andCBP officers and agents seized nearlyfive million pounds of narcotics, a 20percent increase from FY 2010.1 TheWorld Health Organization (WHO)estimates that “look alike” or coun-terfeit drugs comprise as much as 10percent of pharmaceuticals worldwide(approximately $30 billion USD), andin some countries up to 50 percent ofthe drug supply.2 This can add up tomillions of lost dollars in duties andtaxes.
Understaffed CBP organizationsare on the front lines, balancing theinterdiction of suspicious shipmentswith keeping commerce moving.Handheld chemical identificationinstruments are available that canhelp agents and officers accuratelyanalyze products at the port of entry,holding up only those shipments thatpotentially pose the greatest risk.Results are immediate for fast,informed decisions.
Portable Optical Analysis—Identifyingthe SuspectsThermo Scientific portable analyticalinstruments are rugged, handheldspectrometers designed for rapid andprecise chemical identification,authentication, and screening at thepoint of need. A user can hold thesample of interest against the instru-ment nosecone— through sealedcontainers in many cases— and easilyconduct an analysis. Just like fingerprints are matched in a database ofcriminals, Thermo Scientific instru-ments can match chemicals to a data-base of known materials. Whether theneed is for narcotics identification,explosives or precursor identification,or inspection for spurious/falsely-labeled/falsified/counterfeit (SFFC)pharmaceuticals, these instrumentsprovide accurate results in seconds.
Using either Raman or FTIRspectroscopy (see back page), ourtools provide Customs personnel with a broad chemical identificationsolution that can increase safety, savetime, facilitate decision making, andhelp in the enormous benefit of dutyrecovery.
What You Need, When You Need It,Where You Need ItWith a mission to safeguard thepublic by safeguarding the productsand raw materials that enter throughports of entry and borders, Customsand Border Protection personnel canachieve success through internationalcollaboration, targeted operations,and the deployment of innovativetechnology.
Key Words
• Customs inspection
• Narcotics interdiction
• Chemical identification
• Duty recovery
• Raman spectroscopy
• FTIR spectroscopy
ApplicationNote: 102
Duty Recovery
A significant and costly consequence of counterfeit and intentionally mislabeledmaterials is that governments are deprivedof much needed revenue in the form oflost duties that otherwise would have
been paid on legitimate products. With a counterfeit pharmaceuticals industry estimated to be a billion-dollarindustry and some estimates considerably larger, theamount of uncollected duties is noteworthy and shouldspur governments to do everything possible to recoverthese funds. What’s more, some of the duty recovery itselfcould help pay for the very technology that can identifythe spurious substances. Product safety is improvedthrough supply chain management and public coffersreceive the appropriate monies owed.
Our Solution
The FirstDefender and TruDefender product familiesprovide valuable capabilities for duty recovery. The vastsubstance libraries include more than 11,000 individualchemicals, ranging from toxic chemicals and explosives to benign household materials. This wide range enablesCustoms personnel to identify materials intentionallymislabeled as less expensive product in order to avoidduties. For example, if a white powder is labeled as sugarbut tests as a pharmaceutical compound, further analysisis warranted.
Narcotics Identification
According to the World Customs Organization(WCO), both the number of drug seizuresreported by WCO Members and the totalamount of drugs intercepted in 2011increased substantially compared to 2010.3
In addition to dealing with more well-known drugssuch as cocaine, heroin, and MDMA (ecstasy), Customspersonnel now also have to face the rapidly growing challenge of synthetic drugs. Synthetic cathinones —also called “bath salts” or “plant food”—and syntheticcannabinoids—often called “spice”— are broad categoriesof designer drugs that are pushing the capabilities of lawenforcement worldwide. In July 2012 Operation Log Jam,the first U.S. nationwide law enforcement action againstsynthetic drugs, resulted in approximately 90 arrests andthe seizure of more than 5 million packets of finisheddesigner synthetic drugs.4
As quickly as countries make a certain drug type orderivative illegal, new alternatives appear on the marketthereby circumventing the new laws. With drug targetsevolving so rapidly, those agencies chartered to police such activities must keep pace by deploying the latesttesting methods.
In some locations, if Customs officials suspect apackage may contain drugs, it can be sent to a lab foranalysis, which could take hours—even days. The resultis that commerce is slowed and legal shipments can bedelayed. A new field-deployed technology helps to eliminate this problem.
Our Solution
For rapid identification ofsuspected narcotics in thefield, among the ships, atthe airports, at the borders,the Thermo Scientific TruNarcanalyzer offers a handheldRaman system that can scan through transparent/translu-cent containers, plastics bags, and bottles for most samples.A single test for multiple controlled substances providesenforcement officials with clear, definitive results forpresumptive identification. Lightweight and easy to use,the TruNarc™ device delivers fast and accurate narcoticsanalysis anywhere it’s needed.
This breakthrough instrument easily identifiesnarcotics, stimulants, depressants, hallucinogens and analgesics using lab-proven Raman spectroscopy. It cananalyze key drugs of abuse as well as common cuttingagents, precursors, and emerging threats such as cathi-nones and bulk cannabinoids—ensuring that Customsofficials are always ahead of the curve.
Explosives & Unknown Chemicals
Improvised explosive devices (IEDs) aregaining traction due, in part, to the relativeease of production and widespread avail-ability of raw materials. Because theyare not fueled by traditional explosive
materials like TNT, but are made in crude chemical labsusing industrial chemicals like nitric acid, ammoniumnitrate, diesel fuel and sugar, they avoid detection bytraditional explosive detection technologies and trainedcanines.
In fact, they are considered the most prevalently usedexplosive device employed by criminals worldwide, andterrorist training manuals have been uncovered that detailhow to easily assemble IEDs with a basic knowledge ofchemistry.5
Formed as a collaborative effort in 2011 and nownumbering more than 90 nations and international organizations, Program Global Shield is an unprecedentedworldwide effort to counter the smuggling of chemicalprecursors that could be used to manufacture explosivedevices. They monitor the import and export of 14 explo-sive precursor chemicals that have been identified as thosemost often used in IEDs. As of July 2012, Program GlobalShield has accounted for 41 seizures of chemical precursorstotaling more than 126 metric tons related to the illicitdiversion of these chemicals.6
ApplicationNote: 102
Global Shield Precursors
Raman FTIR
Acetic Anhydride 3 3
Acetone 3 3
Aluminum Powder 5 5
Ammonium Nitrate 3 3
Calcium Ammonium Nitrate 3 3
Hydrogen Peroxide 3 5
Nitric Acid 3 3
Nitromethane 3 3
Potassium Chlorate 3 3
Potassium Nitrate 3 3
Potassium Perchlorate 3 3
Sodium Chlorate 3 3
Sodium Nitrate 3 3
Urea 3 3
NOTE: Metals, such as aluminum, are not amenable to Raman or FTIR analysis.
Our Solution
Together, the Thermo Scientific FirstDefender andTruDefender product families offer an ideal solution foridentification of liquid and solid industrial chemicals, as well as numerous explosives and precursors. TheFirstDefender® RM, based on Raman spectroscopy, andTruDefender® FT, based on FTIR spectroscopy, canquickly identify the contents of tankers, drums, bags, andbottles directly at ports of entry and borders. These highlyaccurate instruments are deployed globally by military andcivilian responders for field-based assessment of a broadrange of unknown chemicals. This unique set of toolshelps equip Customs and Border Protection personnel in the fight against the IED threat.
