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Cutting-edge VR/AR Display Technologies
(Gaze-, Accommodation-, Motion-aware and HDR-enabled)
George-Alex Koulieris
Kaan Akşit ChristianRichardt
RafałMantiuk
Katerina Mania
Technical Univ. of Crete
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Tutorial at a glance
�Understand current VR/AR display challenges�Learn how challenges relate to visual perception�What can we do about them?�Discover the state-of-the-art in relevant research
George-Alex Koulieris
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Speakers
�Kaan Akşit, NVIDIA, USA
�Katerina Mania, Technical University of Crete, Greece
�Rafał Mantiuk, University of Cambridge, UK
�Christian Richardt, University of Bath, UK
�George-Alex Koulieris, Inria, France
George-Alex Koulieris
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Schedule
�9:00 – 9:30: Introduction�9:30 – 10:15: Multi-focal displays�10:30 - 11:00: Coffee break�11:00 – 11:50: Near-eye varifocal AR�12:00 - 14:00: Lunch�14:00 – 14:40: HDR-enabled displays� 14:45 – 15:25: Gaze-aware displays�15:30 – 16:00: Coffee break�16:00 – 16:50: Motion-aware displays�17:00 – 17:20: Panel
George-Alex Koulieris
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Let’s get started
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A Turing test for displays
George-Alex Koulieris
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Displays
�Displays are virtual windows to remote scenes�We have gone far from the Nipkow disk …
George-Alex Koulieris
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Virtual,augmented,mixed reality displays
�Collectively, near-eye displays� Immersion into virtual/augmented world�Response to head motion�Allows object manipulation/interaction
George-Alex Koulieris
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VR/AR/MR applications
�Education�Communication�Healthcare�Entertainment�Manufacturing�Aviation�Business
�Design�Gaming�Marketing�Shopping�Sports�Travel�Therapy
George-Alex Koulieris
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Near-eye displays market explosion
� Top companies involved�Market flooded with devices� “A billion people in virtual reality”
Mark Zuckerberg, 2017�Research surge:SIGGRAPH, IEEE VR, ISMAR, …
George-Alex Koulieris
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Before this becomes commonplace…
George-Alex Koulieris
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Current display challenges
�Ergonomic / Comfort�Visual Quality issues�Perceptual�Technical� Interaction
George-Alex Koulieris
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Exploiting knowledge from visual perception
• Display hardware and algorithms limited• Produce different to natural light patterns• Luckily, human visual system (HVS) limited• Requirements restricted by HVS capabilities• Visual perception as the optimizing function• Achieve perceptual effectiveness• Avoiding under-/over-engineering displays
George-Alex Koulieris
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But how do we take knowledge from visual perception into account?
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Human vision
George-Alex Koulieris
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What visual perception does Distal Proximal
George-Alex Koulieris
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Proximal èDistal: A difficult, inverse problem
George-Alex Koulieris
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#thedress
George-Alex Koulieris
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Visual perception and visual cues
Retinal Image
Systematically Varying Cues
Stereo, motion, shading,
texture, perspective, …
Surface Properties
George-Alex Koulieris
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Examples of visual cues
�Ocular-motor cues� eye position, focus
�Binocular disparity cues
�Motion cues � world, viewer
�Pictorial cues (monocular)� familiar size� relative size� shading� texture gradients� occlusion� …
George-Alex Koulieris
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Cue integration
�Cues expected to co-vary for same environmental properties�Expected consistent information overlap
George-Alex Koulieris
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Cue conflicts
• Cues often conflicting due to • VS errors• incomplete information (e.g., displays)• incorrect assumptions about the natural
environment
George-Alex Koulieris
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Fun fact: conflicting cues
George-Alex Koulieris
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How do we study visual perception?
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Psychophysical methods of study (1)
1. Show visual stimuli2. Ask simple questions3. Vary stimuli4. GOTO 1
George-Alex Koulieris
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Psychophysical methods of study (2)
�N-A Forced choice tasks�Method of adjustment�Ascending/descending limits�Staircase�Constant stimuli
George-Alex Koulieris
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� 200ms patch
� PRESENT / ABSENT ?
Example: luminance threshold detection
George-Alex Koulieris
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75% is half-way between chanceand perfect performance!
Psychometric functions
George-Alex Koulieris
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Course take-aways
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Course take-aways (1)
Q: Why multifocal displays?
A: Eyes evolved to focus on objects.
Q: Why varifocal AR?
KaanAkşit
GeorgeAlexKoulieris
George-Alex Koulieris
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Course take-aways (2)
Q: Why HDR-enabled displays?
A: Relates to the sensitivity of the eyes.
Rafał Mantiuk
George-Alex Koulieris
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Course take-aways (3)
Q: Why gaze-aware displays?
Technical University of Crete
Katerina Mania
A: Relates to the spatial acuity of the eyes.
George-Alex Koulieris
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Course take-aways (4)
Q: Why motion-aware displays?
A: Eyes attached on moving bodies.
Christian Richardt
George-Alex Koulieris
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Summary
�Near-eye displays are beneficial to society�Addressing challenges yields tremendous gains�Near-eye displays a hot area for years to come� Improving quality of experience in near-eye
displays is an inter-disciplinary effort
George-Alex Koulieris
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�Questions so far?
George-Alex Koulieris
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Multi-focal Displays
George Alex Koulieris
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At a glance
�Part 1: basic optics, accommodation, VA conflict, discomfort, performance�Part 2: multi-focal display technologies�Part 3 (case study): delving deeper into the
relationship of accommodation and comfort
George-Alex Koulieris
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Part 1: The basics
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Light wave-front
Charle Laas
George-Alex Koulieris
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Natural light fields
Adapted from Mihara, 2016George-Alex Koulieris
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Refraction: Snell’s law
George-Alex Koulieris
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Wavelength dependent bending
Lucas BarbosaGeorge-Alex Koulieris
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Light wave-front interacting with a lens
Oleg AlexandrovLibretexts
George-Alex Koulieris
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Convex thin lenses
George-Alex Koulieris
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Concave thin lenses
George-Alex Koulieris
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Dioptres
• Measurement unit of optical power• Equal to the reciprocal of the focal length (in m)• E.g., a 2-dioptre lens brings parallel rays of light
to focus at 1 / 2 meter. • E.g., a flat window has optical power of 0-
dioptres• does not converge or diverge light.
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Anatomy of the eye
George-Alex Koulieris
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Two lenses in the eye
�Cornea � fixed power ~40 diopters�does most of the focusing� fun fact: focal length ≈ length of
the eye
�Crystalline lens� variable up to ~20 diopters�power diminishes with age
(presbyopia)�~350 ms to change power
George-Alex Koulieris
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Accommodation
George-Alex Koulieris
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Fun fact: accommodation theories
Helmholtz Theory
When fixating a near object: 1. circularly arranged
ciliary muscle contracts
2. lens zonules and suspensory ligaments relax
3. lens thickensGeorge-Alex Koulieris
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Now let us see how all this relate to a major source of discomfort in VR/AR
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VERGENCEGeorge-Alex Koulieris
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ACCOMMODATIONGeorge-Alex Koulieris
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COUPLEDGeorge-Alex Koulieris
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Vergence and accommodation in the real world
George-Alex Koulieris
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Blur in the real world
George-Alex Koulieris
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Blur in the real world
George-Alex Koulieris
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But what about stereo displays ?
George-Alex Koulieris
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Vergence and accommodation conflicting in near-eye displays
George-Alex Koulieris
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Blur non-existent in near-eye displays
George-Alex Koulieris
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The VA conflict
1. No retinal blur2. Accommodation generally does not match
vergence
Viewer is required to fight against the natural coupling between accommodation
and vergence which causes discomfortGeorge-Alex Koulieris
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VA conflict is a major source of discomfort
Hoffman, D. M., Girshick, A. R., Akeley, K., & Banks, M. S. (2008). Vergence–accommodation conflicts hinder visual performance and cause visual fatigue. Journal of vision, 8(3), 33-33.
Hoffman & Banks, 2010
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VA conflict is a major source of discomfort
Shibata, T., Kim, J., Hoffman, D. M., & Banks, M. S. (2011). The zone of comfort: Predicting visual discomfort with stereo displays. Journal of
vision, 11(8), 11-11.George-Alex Koulieris
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Comfort in VR, today
Fernandes and Feiner, 2016
Level of comfort
Usage in minutes
George-Alex Koulieris
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VA conflict in presbyopes
�Range of distances one can accommodate declines starting at the age of 40�By 50/60 accommodative range is essentially zero�Presbyopes are always in conflict è used to it!�No VA conflict due to stereoscopic viewing
Yang, S. N., Schlieski, T., Selmins, B., Cooper, S. C., Doherty, R. A., Corriveau, P. J., & Sheedy, J. E. (2012). Stereoscopic viewing and reported perceived immersion and symptoms. Optometry and vision science, 89(7), 1068-1080.
eye-trends.com
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Lack of focus cues is not only affecting discomfort
�3D shape perception�Apparent scale of scenes�Binocular performance
Buckley, D., & Frisby, J. P. (1993). Interaction of stereo, texture and outline cues in the shape perception of three-dimensional ridges. Vision research, 33(7), 919-933.
Watt, S. J., Akeley, K., Ernst, M. O., & Banks, M. S. (2005). Focus cues affect perceived depth. Journal of vision, 5(10), 7-7.George-Alex Koulieris
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Focus cues affect perceived size of scenes
Fielding R. 1985. Techniques of Special Effects Cinematography. Oxford, UK: Focal Press. 4th ed.
Held RT, Cooper EA, O’Brien JF, Banks MS. 2010. Using blur to affect perceived distance and size. ACM Trans. Graph. 29(2):19
Held et al., 2010
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Focus cues affect visual performance
Akeley, K., Watt, S. J., Girshick, A. R., & Banks, M. S. (2004, August). A stereo display prototype with multiple focal distances. In ACM transactions on graphics
(TOG) (Vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 804-813). ACM.George-Alex Koulieris
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Fun facts: the iris
1. Reduces light by a factor of ~20
2. Constriction increases depth-of-field
3. Reduces spherical aberration by occluding outer parts of lens
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Fun fact: accommodation and the retina
� Infinitesimal amount of S-Cones (“blue”) in the fovea�due to Longitudinal Chromatic Aberration?
adapted from Cholewiak et al., 2017
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Part 2:Multifocal displays
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Swept-screen volumetric displays
Favalora, G. E., Napoli, J., Hall, D. M., Dorval, R. K., Giovinco, M., Richmond, M. J., & Chun, W. S. (2002, August). 100-million-voxel volumetric display. In Cockpit Displays IX: Displays for Defense Applications (Vol. 4712, pp. 300-313). International Society for Optics and Photonics.
George-Alex Koulieris
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Abhijit Karnik
Swept-screen volumetric displays
George-Alex Koulieris
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Stacked-screen volumetric displays
Sullivan, A. (2004, May). DepthCube solid-state 3D volumetric display. In Stereoscopic displays and virtual reality systems XI(Vol. 5291, pp. 279-285). International Society for Optics and Photonics.George-Alex Koulieris
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Stacked-screen volumetric displays
LightSpace Technologies
George-Alex Koulieris
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Advantages & disadvantages
�Present correct stereo, parallax and focus cues
�BUT
�Displayed scene confined to display volume�Require computing and addressing a huge
number of addressable voxels�Cannot reproduce occlusions and viewpoint-
dependent effects (e.g., reflections)
George-Alex Koulieris
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Fixed view-point volumetric displays
Love, G. D., Hoffman, D. M., Hands, P. J., Gao, J., Kirby, A. K., & Banks, M. S. (2009). High-speed switchable lens enables the development of a volumetric stereoscopic display. Optics express, 17(18), 15716-15725.George-Alex Koulieris
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Fixed view-point volumetric displays
� Images drawn on presentation planes at different focal distances�Superimposition of multiple presentation
planes additively on the retina�Special treatment of scene points in between
depth planes
Narain, R., Albert, R. A., Bulbul, A., Ward, G. J., Banks, M. S., & O'Brien, J. F. (2015). Optimal presentation of imagery with focus cues on multi-plane displays. ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG), 34(4), 59.George-Alex Koulieris
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Operation
George-Alex Koulieris
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Advantages & disadvantages
�Very high resolution�Accommodation cues�Comfortable
�BUT
�Need to fixate head using bite-bars or other means
George-Alex Koulieris
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Fast gaze-contingent decomposition for multifocal displays
Mercier, O., Sulai, Y., Mackenzie, K., Zannoli, M., Hillis, J., Nowrouzezahrai, D., & Lanman, D. (2017). Fast gaze-contingent optimal decompositions for multifocal displays. ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG), 36(6), 237.
George-Alex Koulieris
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Multifocal scanned voxel displays
McQuaide, S. C., Seibel, E. J., Kelly, J. P., Schowengerdt, B. T., & Furness III, T. A. (2003). A retinal scanning display system that produces multiple focal planes with a deformable membrane mirror. Displays, 24(2), 65-72.George-Alex Koulieris
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Dual axis scanning mirror
OptotuneGeorge-Alex Koulieris
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Principle of operation
Hainich & Bimber, 2017
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Liquid lenses
Optotune
George-Alex Koulieris
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Focusing at different distances
Xuan Wang
George-Alex Koulieris
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Deformable membrane mirrors
McQuaide, S. C., Seibel, E. J., Kelly, J. P., Schowengerdt, B. T., & Furness III, T. A. (2003). A retinal scanning display system that produces multiple focal planes with a deformable membrane mirror. Displays, 24(2), 65-72.
Schowengerdt & Seibel, 2012
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Multifocal scanned voxel displays
McQuaide, S. C., Seibel, E. J., Kelly, J. P., Schowengerdt, B. T., & Furness III, T. A. (2003). A retinal scanning display system that produces multiple focal planes with a deformable membrane mirror. Displays, 24(2), 65-72.George-Alex Koulieris
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Scanning fiber projector
Hainich & Bimber, 2017
Schowengerdt & Seibel, 2012George-Alex Koulieris
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Light field displays
�Emit a 4-dimensional distribution of light rays �2D on the display�Another 2D horizontal & vertical angle of
each pixel
�Each light ray carries radiance at some location into a specific direction
Lanman, D., Hirsch, M., Kim, Y., & Raskar, R. (2010, December). Content-adaptive parallax barriers: optimizing dual-layer 3D displays using low-rank light field factorization. In ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG) (Vol. 29, No. 6, p. 163). ACM.
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Light field displays
Wetzstein, G., Lanman, D., Hirsch, M., & Raskar, R. (2012). Tensor displays: compressive light field synthesis using multilayer displays with directional backlighting.George-Alex Koulieris
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Example construction
�Sandwich a microlens array between an LCD-pair stack�Perform light beam steering and modulation
Planettech InternationalGeorge-Alex Koulieris
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Pinhole parallax barrier5x5 pixels under each pinhole
Huang, F. C., Wetzstein, G., Barsky, B. A., & Raskar, R. (2014). Eyeglasses-free display: towards correcting visual aberrations with computational light field displays. ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG), 33(4), 59.George-Alex Koulieris
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Light field displays
Wetzstein, G., Lanman, D., Hirsch, M., & Raskar, R. (2012). Tensor displays: compressive light field synthesis using multilayer displays with directional backlighting.George-Alex Koulieris
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Wearable light field displays
Lanman, D., & Luebke, D. (2013). Near-eye light field displays. ACM Transactions
on Graphics (TOG), 32(6), 220.
Huang, F. C., Chen, K., & Wetzstein, G. (2015). The light field stereoscope: immersive computer graphics via factored near-eye light field displays with focus cues. ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG), 34(4), 60.
Huang et al., 2015
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Wearable light field displays
George-Alex Koulieris
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Spherical aberrations
Mglg
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Pre-correcting aberrations with light field displays
Huang, F. C., Wetzstein, G., Barsky, B. A., & Raskar, R. (2014). Eyeglasses-free display: towards correcting visual aberrations with computational light field displays. ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG), 33(4), 59.George-Alex Koulieris
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Holography
�The ultimate 3D image generation technique�Exact wave-front reconstruction�Holograms record and play all characteristics of
light waves�phase, amplitude, wavelength
George-Alex Koulieris
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Holography
� Ideally no difference between real object and its hologram�Recorded using lasers that exhibit coherent
monochrome light with regular wave-fronts on photographic plates�Can use 3 colored lasers for color reproduction�Computer generated holograms very
promising in the -far- future
George-Alex Koulieris
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Principles
� Interference
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Principles
� Interference�Diffraction
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Principles
� Interference�Diffraction�Fringe pattern superposition
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Recording holograms
Hainich & Bimber, 2017
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Recorded fringe patterns
Hainich & Bimber, 2017
Hainich & Bimber, 2017
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Playing-back holograms
Hainich & Bimber, 2017
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Computer generated holograms
�Computer generated fringe patterns�Use Spatial Light Modulators (SLMs) for
display �DMDs and F-LCDs often used
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Holographic near-eye displays
Maimone, A., Georgiou, A., & Kollin, J. S. (2017). Holographic near-eye displays for virtual and augmented reality. ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG), 36(4), 85.George-Alex Koulieris
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Focal surface displays
Matsuda, N., Fix, A., & Lanman, D. (2017). Focal surface displays. ACM
Transactions on Graphics (TOG), 36(4), 86.George-Alex Koulieris
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Focal surface displays
Matsuda, N., Fix, A., & Lanman, D. (2017). Focal surface displays. ACM
Transactions on Graphics (TOG), 36(4), 86.George-Alex Koulieris
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Focal surface displays
Matsuda, N., Fix, A., & Lanman, D. (2017). Focal surface displays. ACM
Transactions on Graphics (TOG), 36(4), 86.George-Alex Koulieris
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Rendering chromatic aberration
Cholewiak, S. A., Love, G. D., Srinivasan, P. P., Ng, R., & Banks, M. S. (2017). ChromaBlur: rendering chromatic eye aberration improves accommodation and realism. ACM transactions on graphics., 36(6), 210.
George-Alex Koulieris
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Rendering chromatic aberration
Cholewiak, S. A., Love, G. D., Srinivasan, P. P., Ng, R., & Banks, M. S. (2017). ChromaBlur: rendering chromatic eye aberration improves accommodation and realism. ACM transactions on graphics., 36(6), 210.
George-Alex Koulieris
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Rendering chromatic aberration
Cholewiak, S. A., Love, G. D., Srinivasan, P. P., Ng, R., & Banks, M. S. (2017). ChromaBlur: rendering chromatic eye aberration improves accommodation and realism. ACM transactions on graphics., 36(6), 210.
George-Alex Koulieris
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Accommodation invariant displays
Konrad, R., Padmanaban, N., Molner, K., Cooper, E. A., & Wetzstein, G. (2017). Accommodation-invariant computational near-eye displays. ACM Transactions on
Graphics (TOG), 36(4), 88.
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Software-only methods
Koulieris, G. A., Drettakis, G., Cunningham, D., & Mania, K. (2016, March). Gaze prediction using machine learning for dynamic stereo manipulation in games. In Virtual Reality (VR), 2016 IEEE (pp. 113-120). IEEE.
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LemnisTechnologies
George-Alex Koulieris
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Part 3 (case study):delving deeper into the relationship of accommodation and comfort
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Key, challenging ideas
�Evaluating previously proposed methods by validating if they actually drive accommodation and reduce discomfort �Never been done before as measuring
accommodation while looking through adjustable lenses is a hard problem
George-Alex Koulieris
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Investigating accommodation and comfort in head-mounted displays
1. Gaze-Contingent Depth-of-Field blur (GC DoF blur) Mauderer et al. (2014)
George-Alex Koulieris
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George-Alex Koulieris
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Investigating accommodation and comfort in head-mounted displays
1. Gaze-Contingent Depth-of-Field blur (GC DoF blur) Mauderer et al. (2014)
2. Focus-Adjustable lenses & GC DoF Blur Johnson et al. (2016); Konrad et al. (2016)
George-Alex Koulieris
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Focus-adjustable lenses
George-Alex Koulieris
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Investigating accommodation and comfort in head-mounted displays
1. Gaze-Contingent Depth-of-Field blur (GC DoF blur) Mauderer et al. (2014)
2. Focus-Adjustable lenses & GC DoF Blur Johnson et al. (2016); Konrad et al. (2016)
3. MonovisionJohnson et al. (2016); Konrad et al. (2016)
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Monovision
George-Alex Koulieris
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Gaze-Contingent Depth-of-Field blur (GC DoF blur)�Correct retinal blur�Should not drive accommodation
Focus-Adjustable lenses & GC DoF blur�Correct retinal blur�Hypothesized to drive accommodation
Monovision• Correct blur on one retina at a time• Only two accommodation planes:
near/far
Hypotheses
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1. Accommodation driven correctly?2. Improved comfort?
Evaluation of proposed configurations
George-Alex Koulieris
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The measurement device
George-Alex Koulieris
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The measurement device
George-Alex Koulieris
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The measurement device
George-Alex Koulieris
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The measurement device
George-Alex Koulieris
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Fixed vs Focus-Adjustable lens conditions16 conditions, factorial combination of :• depth-of-field• focus-adjustable lenses• target speed• binocular/monocular
Monovision conditions8 conditions
Experimental details
George-Alex Koulieris
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Accommodation measurements
George-Alex Koulieris
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Accommodation measurements
George-Alex Koulieris
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George-Alex Koulieris
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George-Alex Koulieris
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George-Alex Koulieris
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George-Alex Koulieris
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George-Alex Koulieris
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George-Alex Koulieris
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in Monovision in Monovision
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ConditionsGeorge-Alex Koulieris
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Predictions from the accommodation data
1. Changing-lens configuration → most comfortable
2. Monovision configuration → least comfortable
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• Pair-wise comparison of display configurations
• Detection of the tumbling-E ensured correct fixation
• 30-minute trials !• 16 subjects in each pairwise comparisonDiscomfort study
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George-Alex Koulieris
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George-Alex Koulieris
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George-Alex Koulieris
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George-Alex Koulieris
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George-Alex Koulieris
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Gaze-Contingent DoF blurX Does not drive accommodation – as expected!ü More comfortable than standard HMDs
Focus-Adjustable lensesü Drive accommodation correctlyü Significantly improve comfort
MonovisionX Does not drive accommodation correctly! Causes more discomfort than standard HMDs!
Summary
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• Accommodation must be driven by correct focus cues
• Accommodation data yielded predictions about comfort
• Discomfort study results consistent with predictions
• Ground discomfort studies on objective measurements
Take-home points
Koulieris, G. A., Bui, B., Banks, M. S., & Drettakis, G. (2017). Accommodation and comfort in head-mounted displays. ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG), 36(4), 87.George-Alex Koulieris
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Schedule
�9:00 – 9:30: Introduction�9:30 – 10:15: Multi-focal displays�10:30 - 11:00: Coffee break�11:00 – 11:50: Near-eye varifocal AR�12:00 - 14:00: Lunch�14:00 – 14:40: HDR-enabled displays� 14:45 – 15:25: Gaze-aware displays�15:30 – 16:00: Coffee break�16:00 – 16:50: Motion-aware displays�17:00 – 17:20: Panel
George-Alex Koulieris