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CYTOKINES!CYTOKINES!
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02Initial cytokines to respond to Initial cytokines to respond to injury and infection?injury and infection?
TNF- and IL-1
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02 Which cells are largest Which cells are largest producers of TNF-producers of TNF-??
Macrophages
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02Which cytokine is responsible Which cytokine is responsible for fever?for fever?
IL-1
Alveolar macrophages release Alveolar macrophages release IL-1 which is why you can get IL-1 which is why you can get
fever with atelectasis.fever with atelectasis.
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02Which cytokine increases Which cytokine increases hepatic acute phase proteins?hepatic acute phase proteins?
IL-6
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02Lymphocytes release what in Lymphocytes release what in response to viral infection?response to viral infection?
Interferons
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02 CRP, amyloid A & P, fibrinogen, CRP, amyloid A & P, fibrinogen, haptoglobin, ceruloplasmin, haptoglobin, ceruloplasmin, -1 antitrypsin, -1 antitrypsin, -1 antichymotrypsin, and C3 are examples -1 antichymotrypsin, and C3 are examples
of what?of what?
Hepatic acute phase proteins- Most potent stimulant for release? -
IL-6IL-6
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02Which factor is the convergence point Which factor is the convergence point of the classic and alternative of the classic and alternative
complement pathways?complement pathways?
C3
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02 Mechanism of action of Mechanism of action of NSAIDs?NSAIDs?
Inhibits cyclooxygenase
(reversible)
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02Drug that is an irreversible Drug that is an irreversible cyclooxygenase inhibitor?cyclooxygenase inhibitor?
Aspirin
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02
AspirinAspirin
NSAIDSNSAIDS
-
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02 What enzyme do steroids What enzyme do steroids inhibit?inhibit?
Phospholipase
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02 These are “slow-reacting These are “slow-reacting substances of anaphylaxis”?substances of anaphylaxis”?
Leukotrienes
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02When do catecholamines peak?When do catecholamines peak?
24-48 hours post injury
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02Epinephrine released primarily Epinephrine released primarily from?from?
Adrenal medulla
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02CXC chemokines promote chemotaxis, CXC chemokines promote chemotaxis, angiogenesis, and wound healing - angiogenesis, and wound healing -
what are those chemokines?what are those chemokines?
IL-8
Platelet factor 4
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02 Primary mediators of Primary mediators of reperfusion injury?reperfusion injury?
PMNs
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02Chronic granulomatous disease Chronic granulomatous disease is a defect in which enzyme?is a defect in which enzyme?
NADPH oxidase
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02Precursor for nitric oxide?Precursor for nitric oxide?(NO is also called endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF))(NO is also called endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF))
Arginine
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02
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02Main source of histamine in Main source of histamine in blood and tissue respectively?blood and tissue respectively?
Basophils and mast cells
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02 Enzyme that inactivates Enzyme that inactivates bradykinin?bradykinin?
ACE
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02PAF (platelet-activating factor) PAF (platelet-activating factor) is not stored - generated by?is not stored - generated by?
Phospholipase in endothelium
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02Overproduction of which factor Overproduction of which factor can lead to fibrosis?can lead to fibrosis?
TGF-
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02 Which factor can help Which factor can help accelerate wound healing?accelerate wound healing?
PDGF
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02Which factor helps stimulate Which factor helps stimulate angiogenesis and is involved in angiogenesis and is involved in
tumor metastasis?tumor metastasis?
V-EGF