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D10 Mind-Altering Drugs
• Structural similarietes and differences• The effects of LSD, mescaline, psilocybin and
THC• Arguments for and against legalisation of
cannabis
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Mind-altering drugs (except THC)
• Amines• Contain the indole ring
LSD
PsilocybinMescaline
Indole ring
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LSD Psilocybin Mescaline
Indole ring Yes Yes No
Benzene ring Yes Yes Yes
Ether group No No Yes
Phosphoric acid group
No Yes No
Amide group Yes No No
Amine Yes No Yes
Secondary and tertiary amine
Secondary and tertiary amine
Primary
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Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, LSD
• Derived from ergot (mjöldryga), a grain fungus that typically grows on rye or wheat
• A semisynthetic psychedelic drug• Works by blocking the action of the transmitter substance serotonin• Taken orally• AKA: Acid
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Short-term effects of LSD
- Restlessness- Dizziness- Desire to laugh- Distortions in sound and visual perception- Unpleasant hallucinations: lead to despair and
suicide- Takers might believe that they can “fly”
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Long-term effects of LSD
- Severe depression- Psychosis: radical changes in personality,
impaired functioning, and a distorted or non-existent sense of objective reality
- Dramatic mood swings- Loss of communication skills- Loss of appetite
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Psilocybin- magic mushrooms
• Found in “Psilocybe Semilanceata”• Mushrooms typically contain 0. 2 to 0.4
percent psilocybin• Can be produced synthetically• Mildly hallucinogenic• Ingested orally
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Effects of Psilocybin
- Hallucinations- Inability to distinguish between reality and fantasy- Panic reactions - Alteration of perception- Dilated pupils- Muscle weakness- Feeling of insight- Not addictive
May be confused with ”Deadly webcaps” or Earthly Inocybe”
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Feeling of insight, example
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7YYHOdQG9Fw
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Mescaline
• Dark-brown powder ground from "buttons" of the Mexican cactus ,“peyote”.
• Taken orally• Bitter taste
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Effects of Mescaline
• Headaches• Anxiety • Feeling of dying or annihilation• Euphoria• Hallucinations• Alters visual and auditory perception• Liver damage?
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Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) • Active ingredient in Marijuana; weed or
cannabis• Affects the release of acetylcholine,
noradrenaline and dopamine in the brain, and also has analgesic (pain-killing) effects
• Intake: smoked, inhaled or eaten• Made from the flowering tops, stems, leaves,
and seeds of the Hemp plant
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Short-term effects of THC
- Feeling of relaxation- Enhanced auditory and visual perception- Loss of sense of time- Confusion- Emotional distress - Anxiety
Functional groups?
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Long-term effects of THC
- Apathy: feeling of indifference and suppression of emotions
- Lethargy: Fatigue- Lowering of fertility- Risk of cancer
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Legalization of Marijuana- pro1. Marijuana is available
medically to many terminally ill patients as well as for some other conditions: cancer, epilepsy
2. Legalization would allow police to focus their efforts on more important matters
3. Taxes on marijuana would possibly generate large amounts of revenue
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Legalization of Marijuana-contra-Increased costs to society: especially from
cancer and heart disease from smoking-Increased danger from people driving under the influence-Marijuana abuse would increase-Marijuana’s status as a gateway drug would lead to increased addiction to more dangerous drugs such as cocaine, methamphetamines, and heroin