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Cost-Effective Technologies for ThermochemicalConversion of Biomass to Produce Fuels,
Chemicals, Materials and Power
Mohammad Asadullah
Professor (Dr)
Universiti Teknologi MARA
Faculty of Chemical EngineeringUniversiti Teknologi MARA
http://www.joomlaworks.gr/ -
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Content Introduction to R & D Projects Based on BiomassBackgroundProblem Statement ObjectivesMalaysian Government Policy of Utilizing BiomassBiomass Potentiality in MalaysiaTechnologies for Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass
Gasification of Biomass and Model of Commercial Plant Pyrolysis of Biomass and Model of Commercial Plant Summary and Conclusion
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R&D/Commercialization Projects
First R&DProject:BiomassGasification
Heat
Power
Liquid
Fuels
Power
ChemicalsSecond R&DProject: BiomassPyrolysis &Biorefinery
Materials
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What is Biomass
Biomasses are organic materials derived fromliving organisms, i.e. from plants or animals.
Depending on the source of biomass, it can be
classified as primary and secondary biomasses.
Background
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Formation of Biomass
C6 H12 O6 6H 2 O + 6CO 2
+ 6 O 2
Cellulose +Hemicellulose +Lignin
PrimaryBiom ass
Secondary Biomass
http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.vitabiogroup.com/imagens/biomass/biomass1.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.vitabiogroup.com/interna.php?pg=biomass&usg=__uZsJgVO69sMbbTc3eBIS8jkrqa4=&h=240&w=335&sz=25&hl=en&start=103&sig2=9B5wUxnJX8mL3XlyXf9gjA&zoom=1&tbnid=5HWkNKGcb4-PUM:&tbnh=85&tbnw=119&ei=sKyQTd3nFIvfccGBjYQK&prev=/images?q=Picture+of+agricultural+biomass&um=1&hl=en&safe=off&sa=X&rls=com.microsoft:en-us&biw=1259&bih=588&tbs=isch:1&um=1&itbs=1http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/media/images/42472000/jpg/_42472473_cowdung_patties203.jpg&imgrefurl=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/6279929.stm&usg=__MSkmt5GX3yu40dfGXiGQIxwV8e8=&h=152&w=203&sz=18&hl=en&start=3&sig2=R_oP2zZhfaSQbZ_93OJotw&zoom=1&tbnid=qf-2aavYOAiNRM:&tbnh=79&tbnw=105&ei=m6uQTZesOdS8cdD98a0I&prev=/images?q=Cow+dung&um=1&hl=en&safe=off&sa=X&rls=com.microsoft:en-us&biw=1259&bih=588&tbs=isch:1&um=1&itbs=1http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.arunaelectricalworks.com/biomass/img/BiomassIntro/biomass_fuel.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.arunaelectricalworks.com/biomass/BiomassIntro.aspx&usg=__sYvLdrOJ3TJaTm2cD1qWM1ikI08=&h=191&w=219&sz=16&hl=en&start=99&sig2=AhJe5L6fPv8DCOpuWCPglw&zoom=1&tbnid=p63kjLHMAfHyHM:&tbnh=93&tbnw=107&ei=sKyQTd3nFIvfccGBjYQK&prev=/images?q=Picture+of+agricultural+biomass&um=1&hl=en&safe=off&sa=X&rls=com.microsoft:en-us&biw=1259&bih=588&tbs=isch:1&um=1&itbs=1http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.vitabiogroup.com/imagens/biomass/biomass1.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.vitabiogroup.com/interna.php?pg=biomass&usg=__uZsJgVO69sMbbTc3eBIS8jkrqa4=&h=240&w=335&sz=25&hl=en&start=103&sig2=9B5wUxnJX8mL3XlyXf9gjA&zoom=1&tbnid=5HWkNKGcb4-PUM:&tbnh=85&tbnw=119&ei=sKyQTd3nFIvfccGBjYQK&prev=/images?q=Picture+of+agricultural+biomass&um=1&hl=en&safe=off&sa=X&rls=com.microsoft:en-us&biw=1259&bih=588&tbs=isch:1&um=1&itbs=1http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://cache2.asset-cache.net/xc/81551738.jpg?v=1&c=IWSAsset&k=2&d=77BFBA49EF8789215ABF3343C02EA548AC5671C2A1AA514DC4B88A942F0BE7F2379A24E075764100E30A760B0D811297&imgrefurl=http://www.life.com/image/81551738&usg=__oKvYOIcoHzYCmPL4hXeXyMa0aQ4=&h=371&w=594&sz=51&hl=en&start=106&sig2=bfMXUhk3f1jo3XxchjR2pg&zoom=1&tbnid=G26CSkNOyO4ThM:&tbnh=84&tbnw=135&ei=sKyQTd3nFIvfccGBjYQK&prev=/images?q=Picture+of+agricultural+biomass&um=1&hl=en&safe=off&sa=X&rls=com.microsoft:en-us&biw=1259&bih=588&tbs=isch:1&um=1&itbs=1http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://c1.cleantechnica.com/files/2008/03/wood1.jpg&imgrefurl=http://cleantechnica.com/2008/03/09/interview-biomass-gas-and-electric-produces-energy-from-waste-products/&usg=__Dl7gAJADOg-zjHF3CBABOyDK_6g=&h=331&w=461&sz=57&hl=en&start=110&sig2=Vqn1uslOh8hZV7EyrDT1tQ&zoom=1&tbnid=seWgRfzE6PoEnM:&tbnh=92&tbnw=128&ei=sKyQTd3nFIvfccGBjYQK&prev=/images?q=Picture+of+agricultural+biomass&um=1&hl=en&safe=off&sa=X&rls=com.microsoft:en-us&biw=1259&bih=588&tbs=isch:1&um=1&itbs=1http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.instablogsimages.com/images/2009/05/01/brick_dUxFh_23302.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.greendiary.com/entry/cow-dung-ecofaebrick-bags-first-prize/&usg=__dzuIM0jCi4097kDC5m-stkz021c=&h=991&w=550&sz=578&hl=en&start=24&sig2=0idnwrPMxXS7QCq9MFvfJg&zoom=1&tbnid=rjQy6LFr3ezxWM:&tbnh=149&tbnw=83&ei=mquQTc6JFseGcaLQ_fcJ&prev=/images?q=Cow+dung&um=1&hl=en&safe=off&sa=X&rls=com.microsoft:en-us&biw=1259&bih=588&tbs=isch:1&um=1&itbs=1http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.autoblog.com/media/2006/03/Cow-Dung-resized.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.autoblog.com/2006/03/06/m/&usg=__RroO7P2HpPBR6fEhiPDSnIQuV4Q=&h=298&w=450&sz=28&hl=en&start=14&sig2=5CT4Tbtzvfl7NjVYv20gog&zoom=1&tbnid=E4JNZ1vp_5z7kM:&tbnh=84&tbnw=127&ei=m6uQTZesOdS8cdD98a0I&prev=/images?q=Cow+dung&um=1&hl=en&safe=off&sa=X&rls=com.microsoft:en-us&biw=1259&bih=588&tbs=isch:1&um=1&itbs=1http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://tyler.blogware.com/cowdung.jpg&imgrefurl=http://tyler.blogware.com/2006/4/11/&usg=__RgHACWxBEkhelPQz4zNCVhRqv-M=&h=220&w=220&sz=16&hl=en&start=6&sig2=b2ycePBel3xhCTCPhzy62w&zoom=1&tbnid=Ckdb2BJWMytx4M:&tbnh=107&tbnw=107&ei=m6uQTZesOdS8cdD98a0I&prev=/images?q=Cow+dung&um=1&hl=en&safe=off&sa=X&rls=com.microsoft:en-us&biw=1259&bih=588&tbs=isch:1&um=1&itbs=1http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/media/images/42472000/jpg/_42472473_cowdung_patties203.jpg&imgrefurl=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/6279929.stm&usg=__MSkmt5GX3yu40dfGXiGQIxwV8e8=&h=152&w=203&sz=18&hl=en&start=3&sig2=R_oP2zZhfaSQbZ_93OJotw&zoom=1&tbnid=qf-2aavYOAiNRM:&tbnh=79&tbnw=105&ei=m6uQTZesOdS8cdD98a0I&prev=/images?q=Cow+dung&um=1&hl=en&safe=off&sa=X&rls=com.microsoft:en-us&biw=1259&bih=588&tbs=isch:1&um=1&itbs=1http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://en.delaval.ca/NR/rdonlyres/8334143D-7458-45B0-B2A0-19F059FC716A/0/Cows.jpg&imgrefurl=http://en.delaval.ca/About_DeLaval/PressCentre/Image_gallery_genaral.htm&usg=__32XNkJ7yd0Owj59aSVQKCg9Qa40=&h=1312&w=2000&sz=2843&hl=en&start=154&sig2=HnCuTLTFFqh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Biomass is the Source of Fuels,Chemicals, Materials & Power
Every singlecarbon usedfrom fossilresources wouldbe excess into
the atmosphere. Millionsof years
Chemicals Materials PowerFuels
http://www2.wwnorton.com/college/geo/animations/oil_formation_trapping.htmhttp://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.arunaelectricalworks.com/biomass/img/BiomassIntro/biomass_fuel.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.arunaelectricalworks.com/biomass/BiomassIntro.aspx&usg=__sYvLdrOJ3TJaTm2cD1qWM1ikI08=&h=191&w=219&sz=16&hl=en&start=99&sig2=AhJe5L6fPv8DCOpuWCPglw&zoom=1&tbnid=p63kjLHMAfHyHM:&tbnh=93&tbnw=107&ei=sKyQTd3nFIvfccGBjYQK&prev=/images?q=Picture+of+agricultural+biomass&um=1&hl=en&safe=off&sa=X&rls=com.microsoft:en-us&biw=1259&bih=588&tbs=isch:1&um=1&itbs=1http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://cache2.asset-cache.net/xc/81551738.jpg?v=1&c=IWSAsset&k=2&d=77BFBA49EF8789215ABF3343C02EA548AC5671C2A1AA514DC4B88A942F0BE7F2379A24E075764100E30A760B0D811297&imgrefurl=http://www.life.com/image/81551738&usg=__oKvYOIcoHzYCmPL4hXeXyMa0aQ4=&h=371&w=594&sz=51&hl=en&start=106&sig2=bfMXUhk3f1jo3XxchjR2pg&zoom=1&tbnid=G26CSkNOyO4ThM:&tbnh=84&tbnw=135&ei=sKyQTd3nFIvfccGBjYQK&prev=/images?q=Picture+of+agricultural+biomass&um=1&hl=en&safe=off&sa=X&rls=com.microsoft:en-us&biw=1259&bih=588&tbs=isch:1&um=1&itbs=1http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.autoblog.com/media/2006/03/Cow-Dung-resized.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.autoblog.com/2006/03/06/m/&usg=__RroO7P2HpPBR6fEhiPDSnIQuV4Q=&h=298&w=450&sz=28&hl=en&start=14&sig2=5CT4Tbtzvfl7NjVYv20gog&zoom=1&tbnid=E4JNZ1vp_5z7kM:&tbnh=84&tbnw=127&ei=m6uQTZesOdS8cdD98a0I&prev=/images?q=Cow+dung&um=1&hl=en&safe=off&sa=X&rls=com.microsoft:en-us&biw=1259&bih=588&tbs=isch:1&um=1&itbs=1http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/media/images/42472000/jpg/_42472473_cowdung_patties203.jpg&imgrefurl=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/6279929.stm&usg=__MSkmt5GX3yu40dfGXiGQIxwV8e8=&h=152&w=203&sz=18&hl=en&start=3&sig2=R_oP2zZhfaSQbZ_93OJotw&zoom=1&tbnid=qf-2aavYOAiNRM:&tbnh=79&tbnw=105&ei=m6uQTZesOdS8cdD98a0I&prev=/images?q=Cow+dung&um=1&hl=en&safe=off&sa=X&rls=com.microsoft:en-us&biw=1259&bih=588&tbs=isch:1&um=1&itbs=1 -
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Global Carbon Cycle
Burning of fossil fuel
Burning of biomass
4.5
1.5
1
95
103
101
50
53
53
48
2
100
5
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Mass Balance of the GlobalCarbon Cycle
Mass Balance
NET EMISSION = OUTPUT - INPUT= (100 + 4.5 + 1.5 + 1.0) - (100.0 +2.0)= 5.0 Bt/y
CO 2 Consumption
CO 2 Release Plant and soil respiration = 100.0 Bt/yLand use = 1.0 Bt/y
Fossil fuels burning = 4.5 Bt/yBiomass burning = 1.5 Bt/y
Ocean uptake (Sedimentation)
= 2.0 Bt/yPhotosynthesis = 100.0 Bt/y
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Global Mean Temperature Profile
The global temperature is supposed toincrease by 5 oC within 2050.
These are theoverall problemsrelated to the fossilresources.
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Overall Objective of this Technology
Fuels
Millionsof years
ChemicalsMaterialsPower
Fuels
Moderntechnology
Chemicals
Materials
Power
0 yearOverall objective
is to reducemillions of years
to zero year.
http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.arunaelectricalworks.com/biomass/img/BiomassIntro/biomass_fuel.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.arunaelectricalworks.com/biomass/BiomassIntro.aspx&usg=__sYvLdrOJ3TJaTm2cD1qWM1ikI08=&h=191&w=219&sz=16&hl=en&start=99&sig2=AhJe5L6fPv8DCOpuWCPglw&zoom=1&tbnid=p63kjLHMAfHyHM:&tbnh=93&tbnw=107&ei=sKyQTd3nFIvfccGBjYQK&prev=/images?q=Picture+of+agricultural+biomass&um=1&hl=en&safe=off&sa=X&rls=com.microsoft:en-us&biw=1259&bih=588&tbs=isch:1&um=1&itbs=1http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://cache2.asset-cache.net/xc/81551738.jpg?v=1&c=IWSAsset&k=2&d=77BFBA49EF8789215ABF3343C02EA548AC5671C2A1AA514DC4B88A942F0BE7F2379A24E075764100E30A760B0D811297&imgrefurl=http://www.life.com/image/81551738&usg=__oKvYOIcoHzYCmPL4hXeXyMa0aQ4=&h=371&w=594&sz=51&hl=en&start=106&sig2=bfMXUhk3f1jo3XxchjR2pg&zoom=1&tbnid=G26CSkNOyO4ThM:&tbnh=84&tbnw=135&ei=sKyQTd3nFIvfccGBjYQK&prev=/images?q=Picture+of+agricultural+biomass&um=1&hl=en&safe=off&sa=X&rls=com.microsoft:en-us&biw=1259&bih=588&tbs=isch:1&um=1&itbs=1http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.autoblog.com/media/2006/03/Cow-Dung-resized.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.autoblog.com/2006/03/06/m/&usg=__RroO7P2HpPBR6fEhiPDSnIQuV4Q=&h=298&w=450&sz=28&hl=en&start=14&sig2=5CT4Tbtzvfl7NjVYv20gog&zoom=1&tbnid=E4JNZ1vp_5z7kM:&tbnh=84&tbnw=127&ei=m6uQTZesOdS8cdD98a0I&prev=/images?q=Cow+dung&um=1&hl=en&safe=off&sa=X&rls=com.microsoft:en-us&biw=1259&bih=588&tbs=isch:1&um=1&itbs=1http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/media/images/42472000/jpg/_42472473_cowdung_patties203.jpg&imgrefurl=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/6279929.stm&usg=__MSkmt5GX3yu40dfGXiGQIxwV8e8=&h=152&w=203&sz=18&hl=en&start=3&sig2=R_oP2zZhfaSQbZ_93OJotw&zoom=1&tbnid=qf-2aavYOAiNRM:&tbnh=79&tbnw=105&ei=m6uQTZesOdS8cdD98a0I&prev=/images?q=Cow+dung&um=1&hl=en&safe=off&sa=X&rls=com.microsoft:en-us&biw=1259&bih=588&tbs=isch:1&um=1&itbs=1http://www2.wwnorton.com/college/geo/animations/oil_formation_trapping.htmhttp://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.arunaelectricalworks.com/biomass/img/BiomassIntro/biomass_fuel.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.arunaelectricalworks.com/biomass/BiomassIntro.aspx&usg=__sYvLdrOJ3TJaTm2cD1qWM1ikI08=&h=191&w=219&sz=16&hl=en&start=99&sig2=AhJe5L6fPv8DCOpuWCPglw&zoom=1&tbnid=p63kjLHMAfHyHM:&tbnh=93&tbnw=107&ei=sKyQTd3nFIvfccGBjYQK&prev=/images?q=Picture+of+agricultural+biomass&um=1&hl=en&safe=off&sa=X&rls=com.microsoft:en-us&biw=1259&bih=588&tbs=isch:1&um=1&itbs=1http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://cache2.asset-cache.net/xc/81551738.jpg?v=1&c=IWSAsset&k=2&d=77BFBA49EF8789215ABF3343C02EA548AC5671C2A1AA514DC4B88A942F0BE7F2379A24E075764100E30A760B0D811297&imgrefurl=http://www.life.com/image/81551738&usg=__oKvYOIcoHzYCmPL4hXeXyMa0aQ4=&h=371&w=594&sz=51&hl=en&start=106&sig2=bfMXUhk3f1jo3XxchjR2pg&zoom=1&tbnid=G26CSkNOyO4ThM:&tbnh=84&tbnw=135&ei=sKyQTd3nFIvfccGBjYQK&prev=/images?q=Picture+of+agricultural+biomass&um=1&hl=en&safe=off&sa=X&rls=com.microsoft:en-us&biw=1259&bih=588&tbs=isch:1&um=1&itbs=1http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.autoblog.com/media/2006/03/Cow-Dung-resized.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.autoblog.com/2006/03/06/m/&usg=__RroO7P2HpPBR6fEhiPDSnIQuV4Q=&h=298&w=450&sz=28&hl=en&start=14&sig2=5CT4Tbtzvfl7NjVYv20gog&zoom=1&tbnid=E4JNZ1vp_5z7kM:&tbnh=84&tbnw=127&ei=m6uQTZesOdS8cdD98a0I&prev=/images?q=Cow+dung&um=1&hl=en&safe=off&sa=X&rls=com.microsoft:en-us&biw=1259&bih=588&tbs=isch:1&um=1&itbs=1http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/media/images/42472000/jpg/_42472473_cowdung_patties203.jpg&imgrefurl=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/6279929.stm&usg=__MSkmt5GX3yu40dfGXiGQIxwV8e8=&h=152&w=203&sz=18&hl=en&start=3&sig2=R_oP2zZhfaSQbZ_93OJotw&zoom=1&tbnid=qf-2aavYOAiNRM:&tbnh=79&tbnw=105&ei=m6uQTZesOdS8cdD98a0I&prev=/images?q=Cow+dung&um=1&hl=en&safe=off&sa=X&rls=com.microsoft:en-us&biw=1259&bih=588&tbs=isch:1&um=1&itbs=1 -
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Why Biomass is a CarbonNeutral Fuel
Heat or
6CO 2 + 6H 2O
Bacterialaction
NaturalCycleC6H12 O6
XGasificationGas orLiquid
6H 2O + 6CO 2
Pyrolysis
Artificial Cycle
Energy
Biomass
http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.arunaelectricalworks.com/biomass/img/BiomassIntro/biomass_fuel.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.arunaelectricalworks.com/biomass/BiomassIntro.aspx&usg=__sYvLdrOJ3TJaTm2cD1qWM1ikI08=&h=191&w=219&sz=16&hl=en&start=99&sig2=AhJe5L6fPv8DCOpuWCPglw&zoom=1&tbnid=p63kjLHMAfHyHM:&tbnh=93&tbnw=107&ei=sKyQTd3nFIvfccGBjYQK&prev=/images?q=Picture+of+agricultural+biomass&um=1&hl=en&safe=off&sa=X&rls=com.microsoft:en-us&biw=1259&bih=588&tbs=isch:1&um=1&itbs=1http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.arunaelectricalworks.com/biomass/img/BiomassIntro/biomass_fuel.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.arunaelectricalworks.com/biomass/BiomassIntro.aspx&usg=__sYvLdrOJ3TJaTm2cD1qWM1ikI08=&h=191&w=219&sz=16&hl=en&start=99&sig2=AhJe5L6fPv8DCOpuWCPglw&zoom=1&tbnid=p63kjLHMAfHyHM:&tbnh=93&tbnw=107&ei=sKyQTd3nFIvfccGBjYQK&prev=/images?q=Picture+of+agricultural+biomass&um=1&hl=en&safe=off&sa=X&rls=com.microsoft:en-us&biw=1259&bih=588&tbs=isch:1&um=1&itbs=1 -
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Malaysian Governmental Policy of Utilizing Renewable Resources, 2011
On June 10, 2010, the government announced the NationalRenewable Energy Policy and Action Plan with a goal of increasing renewable energy from 1% to 5.5% of electricity
supply by 2015.The program is going to be launched by the secondquarter of 2011.
Source: Renewable energy world.com, August 16, 2010
The current proposal limits the program to 219 MW in
2011, increasing to nearly 1,000 MW in 2015. The bulk of the new generating capacity to be installed under theprogram is set aside for biomass and minihydro.
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Quota of Biomass Energy out of TotalRenewable Energy Generation
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Comparison of Tariffs for PV andBiomass Energy
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Problems with Existing GasificationTechnology
High temperature method > 1000 oC
Tar yield > 5%Tar deposits in the down stream applicationof syngas and makes problems
Tar separation by physical filtration isnot technically viable
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Fundamental Concept of Gasification ina Down Draft Gasifier
Biomass
Zone I
Zone IIOxidation
ReductionZone III
Pyrolysis
Char Volatiles (Liquid vapour + CO, H 2 ,H2O, CO 2 , CH 4 , C 2 H2 )
C + CO 2 2COC + H 2O CO + H 2CO + H 2O CO2 + H 2
CO, H 2 , H 2O, CO 2 , CH 4 , C 2H2 , N 2, tar Char + Ash
Char + Ash Volatiles
AirO2H2 OCO2
C + O 2 COC + O 2 CO2H2+ O2 H2O
(CO, H 2 , H 2 O, CO 2 ,CH4 , C 2 H2 , N 2 )
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Asadullah et al ., Catalysis Communication , 2, 2001, 63-68.
Catalytic Gasification of Cellulose
Asadullah et al., Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research , 40, 2001 , 5894 .
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Result of Catalyst Screaming
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Feeder
Air
Vibrator
Productgas
Furnace
Thermocouple Distributor
Catalyst particles
Asadullah et al., Applied Catalysis A: General, Volume 255,Issue 2, 8 December 2003, Pages 169-180
Asadullah et al. , Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research ,41, 2002, 4567-4575
Catalytic Gasification of Cellulose
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TEM Images of Rh/CeO 2 Catalyst
30 nm 30 nm
Asadullah et al. , Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research ,41, 2002, 4567-4575
Rh/CeO 2sintered anddeactivated
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TEM Images of Rh/CeO 2/SiO 2 Catalyst
TEM images of Rh/CeO 2/SiO 2; (a) fresh catalyst, (b) after reaction
Asadullah et al., Journal of Catalysis, 208, 2002 , 255-259
Rh/CeO 2 /SiO 2No sintering
at all afterreaction
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Asadullah et al., Applied Catalysis A: General 255 (2003) 169 180.
Rh/CeO 2/SiO 2 Catalyst for RealBiomass Gasification
No problemsat all even at650 oC
Ashproblems
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T (oC) Formation rate
(mmol/min) H2/CO C-
conv Charyield
Cokeyield
Taryield
CO H2 CO 2 CH4 (%-C) (%-C) (%-C) (%-C)
Cedar 550 2152 2686 1841 517 1.3 78 20.8 1.2 0
600 2599 3232 1752 269 1.2 80 19.1 0.8 0
650 2902 3541 1605 148 1.2 81 18.5 0.5 0
Jute stick 550 2032 2634 1729 323 1.3 71 24.0 3.0 2.0
600 2362 3036 1818 306 1.3 78 17.0 1.0 0.0
650 3057 3255 1577 218 1.1 84 14.5 0.5 0.0
Bagasse 550 1850 2057 1645 416 1.1 68 21.0 4.0 7.0
600 2050 2357 1739 516 1.2 75 21.0 2.0 2.0
650 2965 3264 1587 205 1.1 82 17.0 1.0 0.0
Ricestraw 550 1797 2057 1569 366 1.2 65 21.0 4.0 10.0
600 2102 2162 1677 452 1 74 19.0 4.0 3.0
650 2878 3167 1524 172 1.1 80 16.0 2.0 2.0 Conditions: Catalyst 3 g, ER = 0.24, feeding rate 150 mg/min (moisture: 5 10%), N 2 flow 100 ml/min, O 2 flow 35 ml/min through the catalyst bed.
Effect of Temperature on the Gasification ofVarious Biomass on Rh/CeO 2 /SiO 2 Catalyst
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0
20
40
60
80
100
450 550 650 750 850 950 1050
W e i g
h t r a t
i o / %
Temperature/K
Rice straw
Bagasse
Cedar
Jute stick
Properties of Various Biomasses
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Mechanism of Rh/CeO 2/SiO 2 Catalytic Reaction
CO 2 + H 2OCH 4
H2O O2
CharCO + H 2
H2O
Tar
Oxidizedcatalyst
Reducedcatalyst
CeO 2
SiO 2
O2 Mobility
high
Highsurface
area
Very
active
RhCeO 2SiO2
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Problem Statement and Objectivesfor Further Development of Catalysts
Problem:
Rh catalyst is expensive
Objectives:
To develop cheap catalysts with high activity
To produce highly dispersed catalyst on highsurface area cheap materials
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Asadullah, et al., Fuel, doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2010.12.039.
Asadullah et al. , Fuel (In Press, 2011)
Cheap Catalyst for Tar Reforming
Charsupportedcatalyst
P f f Ch S d
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0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
400 500 600 700 800 900Temperature ( oC)
T a r y i e l
d ( w t %
o f b i o m a s s ,
d b ) Pyrolysis
Reforming no catalystReforming with H-charReforming with Fe-charReforming with Ni-char
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
400 500 600 700 800 900Temperature ( oC)
T a r y i e l
d ( w t %
o f b i o m a s s ,
d b )
Pyrolysis
Reforming no catalyst
Reforming with ilmenite
Performance of Char SupportedCatalyst
Ilmenite CatalystChar supportedcatalyst
P f f Ch S t d
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0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
260 300 340 380 420 460 500Wavelength (nm)
(a)
I n t e n s i t y ( a
. u . ,
p e r g o f b i o m a s s ( d b )
PyrolysisReforming no catalystReforming with H-charReforming with Fe-charReforming with Ni-char
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
260 300 340 380 420 460 500Wavelength (nm)
(b)
I n t e n s
i t y ( a
. u . ,
p e r g o
f b i o m a s s
( d b )
PyrolysisReforming no catalys tReforming with H-charReforming with Fe-charReforming with Ni-char
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
260 300 340 380 420 460 500Wavelength (nm)
(c)
I n t e n s
i t y ( a
. u . ,
p e r g o
f b i o m a s s
( d b ) )
PyrolysisReforming no catalystReforming with H-charReforming with Fe-charReforming with Ni-char
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
260 300 340 380 420 460 500
Wavelength (nm)(d)
I n t e n s i
t y ( a
. u . ,
p e r g o
f b i o m a s s
( d b )
PyrolysisReforming no catalystReforming with H-charReforming with Fe-charReforming with Ni-char
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
260 300 340 380 420 460 500Wavelength (nm)
(e)
I n t e n s i
t y ( a
. u . ,
p e r g o f
b i o m a s s
( d b )
PyrolysisReforming no catalystReforming with H-charReforming with Fe-charReforming with Ni-char
Constant energy ( = -2800 cm -1) synchronous spectra of mallee wood tar solution (4ppm) after the steam reforming of its volatiles with/without the char-supported
catalysts at the temperatures of (a), 500 C; (b), 600 C; (c), 700 C; (d), 800 C and(e), 850 C.
Performance of Char SupportedCatalyst
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Asadullah et al., Bioresource Technology ,doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2010.05.048
Asadullah et al ., Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 48, 2 009, 9858-9863.
Asadullah et al., Fuel ProcessingTechnology In Press, Corrected Proof , Available online 3 September 2009.
A schematic diagram of the fluidised-bedreactor used for the fast heating pyrolysis.
Char Characteristics Studies
L b S l D t ti Pl t f
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Product gasoutlet
Air inlet
Water
Steam Thermocouple
Thermocouple
Lab Scale Demonstration Plant forBiomass Gasification
Lab Scale Demonstration Plant for
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Solidsamplingport
399mm
340mm
1-100 rpm
400mm
Solid samplingport
Solid samplingport
Solid samplingport
Lookingglass
Lookingglass
Lookingglass
1500mm
150mm
Gas samplingport
Gas samplingport
Gas samplingport
Gas samplingport
Thermocouple
Thermoco
uple
Lab Scale Demonstration Plant forBiomass Gasification
Looking
glass
Solidsampling
port
Rotatingshaft
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Water in
Water out
300 mm
120mm
Moving
Moving
Moving
Moving
Hot gas
out
1350 mm
150 mm
350 mm
350 mm
350 mm
80 mm
360mm
20 o
20 o
20 o
Inner Design
RotatingArms
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1500mm
120
mm
150mm
Air
Water
Out View of the Gasifier Main Body
BiomassHopper
CatalystHopper
Gas outlet
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1500mm
120mm
150mm
Air Water
Volatiles inletinto thecatalystchamber
Inner Design
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Picture of Complete Gasifier
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Picture of Complete Gasifier
f l f
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Picture of Complete Gasifier
Picture of Complete Gasifier
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Picture of Complete Gasifier
Pi f C l G ifi
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Picture of Complete Gasifier
Product Gas Quality from Non-
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Gasification temperature, oC 850 50 850 50 850 50 850 50 850 50
Biomass feeding rate, kg/h 4 4 4 4 4
Air fuel ratio 0.09 0.18 0.27 0.36 0.53 Steam flow rate, kg/h 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6
Gas composition
H2 26.62 17.54 19.77 15.11 16.11
CO 30.42 33.59 27.27 31.34 24.76
CH4 11.55 12.50 10.55 10.55 9.73 C2H6 0.32 0.43 0.38 0.39 0.39
C2H4 1.74 2.42 2.17 2.59 2.45
CO 2 12.87 11.12 12.94 13.55 13.36
N2 10.38 14.73 21.73 24.94 30.67
O2 0.24 0.85 1.29 0.08 1.00
LHV, MJ/kg 13.43 12.60 10.75 10.14 9.21
LHV, MJ/Nm 3 11.76 12.10 10.36 10.35 9.34
Tar yield, mg/Nm 3 5100 9900 8600 8400 10900
Tar yield, mg/MJ 929 725 866 1027 589
Product Gas Quality from Non-Catalytic Experiment
Product Gas Quality from
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Gasification temperature, oC 850 50 850 50 850 50
Biomass feeding rate, kg/h 4 4 4 Air fuel ratio 0.09 0.27 0.53
Steam flow rate, kg/h 0.6 0.6 0.6
Gas composition
H2 50.50 35.98 31.37
CO 32.15 35.89 33.30 CH4 4.14 6.14 7.22
C2H6 0.08 0.07 0.05
C2H4 0.24 0.36 0.37
CO 2 5.05 6.72 9.54
N2 6.58 10.01 13.97 O2 0.02 0.03 0.01
LHV, MJ/kg 13.74 12.03 9.18
LHV, MJ/Nm 3 10.44 9.95 8.31
Tar yield, mg/Nm 3 2400 4900 2200
Tar yield, mg/MJ 929 866 589
Product Gas Quality fromCatalytic Experiment
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Empty Fruit Bunches 19.00 million tones/y
Mesocarp Fiber 13.00 million tones/yShell 5.20 million tones/y
Palm Kernel Expeller 2.11 million tones/y
Total 47.61 million tones/y
Approximate energycontent
8.09 x 10 11 MJ2.24 x 10 5 GWh
Total price 6.27 x 10 4 BRM
Biomass Potentiality in Malaysia
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Input and Output of a 20 MWPower Plant
Raw Materials Wood chips 176 t/day 64,689 t/y
Power
Generation
Gasification New type
Efficiency >50%
Electricity tobe sold
636 x 10 6 kWh 231 x 10 9 kWh
Total sell
price- RM
177 MRM/day 64 BRM/y
EnvironmentalEffects
CO2 reduction 91,000 t/y
Energy saving 60,944 t heavyoil/y
Model of Commercial Power Generation
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Gasifier
Gas Scrubbing
Water
Fly Ash
Catalytic
Reformer
GasEngine
Steampowergeneration
To Stack
Ashcollector
Conveyer
Gas Cooler
Gas BufferTank
Steam +Air
Gas Filter
Model of Commercial Power Generationfrom Biomass (Wood Log)
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N l f h P
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Novelty of the Process
Moisture content 0-50% in biomass can be used
Biomass particle size 3-5 cm 3, real size from the large scalechipper, can be used
Almost all kinds of cellulosic biomass can be used
Pyrolyser is a compact and high throughput design
Catalyst is char supported and thus very cheap
Biorefinery Concept to Produce Fuels,
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Dryer
Pyrolyzer
H2O
Char
Bi-oil
W e t B i o
m a s s
W e t B i o
m a s s
Resin
Electricity
Gas (H 2)
Gas (H 2) GasEnginesor FuelCellsGasifier
SteamReformer
Route 1b
R o u t e1
R o u t e2
Route 1a
Route 1c
O p t i on1
O p t i on
3
Option 2
Option 2a
Option 2bWater
Light Olefine, CO 2
Oxidizer EsterifierH2O2 Ethanol
D i s t i l l er y
Low Temperature
Hydrogenation
High TemperatureHydrogenation
H2
H2
H2
ZSM-5400-500 oC
SteamActivator
AdsorbentActivated Carbon
Fertilizerabsorber
Slow ReleaseFertilizer
O
OH
OH
O
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
OHOH
OH
OH
CH 3
OH
OH
OH
OH
CH 3
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
O
O
H
O
O
O
O
H
O
O
O
O
O
OH OH
OO
O
OH
O
O
OH
OH
O
OH
O
OOOH
OH
O OH
OH Polymerizer
(to Steam Reformeror Furnace)
Light Alkane
y pChemicals, Materials and Power
Rotating Cone Reactor for
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Rotating Cone Reactor forFast Pyrolysis
Controlpanel
BinCombustor
Reactor Condenser
Pump
Compressor
Liquidcollector
CoolingWater
Screw feeder
Flue gas
Productgas
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120mm
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120mm
Product Distribution from Jute
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Product Distribution from JuteStick Pyrolysis
Pyrolysis conditionsJute stick feeding rate, kg/h 0.50
Temperature, oC 500
Nitrogen gas flow rate, ml/min 300
Pyrolysis products
Bio-oil
First condenser, kg/h (wt%) 0.14 (28)
Second condenser, kg/h (wt%) 0.16 (32)Total, kg/h (wt%) 0.30 (60)
Char, kg/h (wt%) 0.12 (24)
Gas, kg/h (wt%) 0.08 (16)
Effect of Temperature on Product
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Effect of Temperature on Product Distribution
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 200 400 600 800
Temperature, oC
Y i e l d o f b i o - o i l a n d c h a r , w t %
0
4
8
12
16
20
Y i e l d o f g a s , w t %
Gas
Bio-oil
Char
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What is Bio-oil?
Bio-oil is a dark brown liquid. It contains about 200 types of chemicals mainly phenols, aromatic hydrocarbons, carboxylicacids and other highly oxygenated materials.
Bio-oil
Physical Properties of
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Physical Properties of Bio-oil
PropertiesDensity, g/cc 1.07 - 1.09
pH 3.20 - 3.35
Water content, wt% 15 - 20Char/Solid content, wt% 0.07 - 0.10
Pyrolytic lignin 3.83 - 4.91
Acid Value 122.5 - 134.2 Ash content, wt% 0.03
Viscosity, Centipoise 2.59
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Next Step Pilot Plant
Condenser
Char Collector
Pyrolyser10 kg/h
Conveyer Dryer
Pyrolyzer
H2O
Char
Bi-oil
W e t
B i o m
a s s
W e t
B i o m
a s s
Resin
ElectricityGas(H2)
Gas(H2)
GasEngine
s orFuelCells
Gasifier
SteamReformer
Route1b
R o u t
e1
R o u t
e2
Route1a
Route1c
O p t i o
n1
O p t i o
n 3
Option 2
Option2a
Option 2b
Water
LightOlefine, CO 2
Oxidizer
EsterifierH2O2 Ethanol
D i s t i l l er
y
LowTemperatureHydrogenation
HighTemperatureHydrogenationH
2
H2
H2 ZSM-5
400-500 oC
SteamActivato
rAdsorbentActivated
CarbonFertilize
rabsorb
er
Slow ReleaseFertilizer
O
OH
OH
O
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
OHOH
OH
OH
CH 3
OH
OH
OH
OH
CH 3
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
O
O
H
O
O
O
O
H
O
O
O
O
O
OH OH
OO
O
OH
O
O
OH
OH
O
OH
O
OO
OH
OHO OH
OH Polymerizer
(to SteamReformer
orFurnace)
Light Alkane
Bio-oil Tank
Bio-oil forRefining
Novelty of this Process
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Novelty of this Process
Compact and high throughput pyrolyser has been designed.
A novel catalyst has been developed for bio-oil reforming.
Bio-oil has been separated in high volatile fraction and highmolecular organic fraction.Novolac resin has been synthesized from organic fraction.
Big particles of biomass can be pyrolysed as a fast heatingpyrolysis.
High surface area activated carbon has been produced fromchar.
Summary and Conclusion
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Summary and Conclusion
Gasification technology is almost ready for large scalepilot plant testing.
For pilot plant, approximate costing may be RM 1,000,000 to5,000,000 depending on the plant size from 50 kg to 1 ton/h.
Pyrolysis technology is ready for lab scale pilot plant withthe capacity of 20 kg/h 50 kg/h. Approximate costing maybe RM 2,000,000 for pyrolysis and refining setup.
From bio-oil, liquid fuels, chemicals, materials includingbioplastic and resin and power can be produced.