Download - Darius Development project
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CREATING ACTIVE BOXES AND SAFE NODES TO ENHANCE SECURITY IN
GATINA/WARUKU AREA IN DAGORETTI NORTH
DONE BY:
Muhali Darius Amboye
REG NO: B65/0843/2012
A Planning Development Project Submitted In Partial Fulfillment for the
Requirements of the Degree of Bachelor of Arts in Urban and Regional Planning
Department of Urban and Regional Planning
University of Nairobi
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DECLARATION
This Planning Research Project is my original work and has not been presented for Degree
in any other University
Signature……………………………………... Date……………………………………….
Muhali Darius Amboye
(Candidate)
This planning Research project has been submitted for examination with my approval as
the University Supervisor.
Signature………………………………………. Date……………………………………….
Dr. Romanus Opiyo
(Supervisor)
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DEDICATION
I dedicate this work to my family, my supervisor and those who financially, spiritually and
emotionally contributed to the completion of this Development Project.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Development project would not have accomplished without enormous contribution
and support of all the people who participated. First of all, I give thanks to God for granting
me sound mind and good health. Secondly, I owe a lot of gratitude to my family, friends and
relatives for their support especially during this period of the project. I feel obliged to
express my gratitude to my supervisor, Dr. Opiyo, for the good will, professional advice and
guidance to the accomplishment of the project. I am also indebted to the department of
DURP University of Nairobi members and staffs, my college mates for their assistance in the
completion of this project.
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ABSTRACT
Waruku/Gatina settlement is one of the informal settlements which were established due
to the pressure exerted on the city housing infrastructure thus it became unplanned
settlement accommodating city workers. The settlement has been experiencing cases of
crime including burglary, mugging, robbery and house breaking as supported by the
research project evidence which is attributed to the nature of the spatial layout, the
population pressure exerted by the majority unemployed youths and poverty. This can be
categorized into the situation, the social and the institutional factors which is taken into
account in this development project report in order to create a working synergy that will
alleviate this problem which has made the study area lark behind in development and
scaring away developers. With respect to this, the neighbourhood requires planning hence
this development project looks at alternative ways of creating a secure neighbourhood to
ensure a safe environment for users. To achieve this, Violence Prevention through Urban
Upgrading have been used to guide the design process.
The core objective of this development project is to contribute towards providing a
framework for the effective planning of the settlement which will ensure a secure and safe
environment based on the analysis of the existing situation, policy guidelines and the
regulatory framework that will guide the designing process in order to come up with a
secure environment. It also evaluates the proposed alternatives and the best
implementation framework
An alternative layout to ensure a secure neighbourhood is planned for with activity spaces
zoned having clear definition of ownership, observed building line as well as clear
circulation routes which are overlooked from the residential units to reduce fear of crime
as well as opportunities for crime occurrence. Through the observation of this, it will
ensure that the projects sustainability and viability is highly recognized.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
DEDICATION ............................................................................................................................... iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................... iv
ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................................... v
TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................... vi
LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................................ x
LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................................... x
LIST OF MAPS .............................................................................................................................. x
LIST OF PLATES ......................................................................................................................... xi
CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................................. 1
INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Overview ............................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Statement of the planning research project title .................................................................... 1
1.3 Summary of the main findings of the planning research project .......................................... 1
1.3.1 Spatial distribution of crime in the study area ................................................................ 2
1.3.2 Land use and crime ......................................................................................................... 2
1.3.3 Seasonality and crime ..................................................................................................... 4
1.4 Summary of the main recommendations of the planning research project ........................... 4
1.4.1 Overview ........................................................................................................................ 4
1.4.2 Situational crime prevention ........................................................................................... 4
1.4.3 Social Crime prevention ................................................................................................. 5
1.4.4 Local governance promotion .......................................................................................... 5
1.4.5 The coping mechanism by the business and household owners ..................................... 6
1.5 Development Project for implementation ............................................................................. 6
1.6 Justification for the choice of development Project title ....................................................... 6
1.7 Objectives of the Development Project ................................................................................. 7
1.7.1 The specific objectives of the active boxes concept will try to address ......................... 7
1.8 Assumptions of the development Project title....................................................................... 7
1.9 Scope of the development project and the organization of the project in chapters ............... 8
1.10 Methodology ....................................................................................................................... 9
1.10.1 Data needs and requirements ........................................................................................ 9
1.10.2 Data sources .................................................................................................................. 9
1.10.3 Methods of data collection ........................................................................................... 9
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1.10.4 Methods of analysis ...................................................................................................... 9
1.10.5 Methods of data presentation ........................................................................................ 9
1.10.6 Definition of key terms and concepts ........................................................................... 9
CHAPTER TWO .......................................................................................................................... 11
REVIEW OF LEGAL AND POLICY GUIDELINES ................................................................. 11
2.1 Overview ............................................................................................................................. 11
2.2 Legal framework ................................................................................................................. 11
2.2.1 The Constitution of Kenya, 2010 ................................................................................. 11
2.3 Policy guidelines ................................................................................................................. 11
2.3.1 Kenya Vision 2030 ....................................................................................................... 11
2.3.2 Nairobi Metro Spatial Development plan ..................................................................... 12
2.3.3 Nairobi Metro 2030 ...................................................................................................... 12
2.3.4 UN Habitat Safer Cities Programme ............................................................................ 13
2.3.5 Physical Planning Handbook, 2008 .............................................................................. 14
2.3.6 Building Code (1968) ................................................................................................... 14
2.3.7 Planning and Building Regulation 2009 ....................................................................... 14
2.4 Legal and Regulatory framework ........................................................................................ 15
2.4.1 Physical Planning Act Cap 286 of the laws of Kenya .................................................. 15
2.4.2 Devolved system of governance and its effect to the Physical planning Act cap 286 . 15
2.4.3 Urban Areas and Cities Act, 2011 ................................................................................ 16
2.4.4 County Government Act ............................................................................................... 16
2.4.5 National Police Service Act (2011) .............................................................................. 16
2.4.6 The Traffic Act chapter 403 ......................................................................................... 16
2.4.7 Land acquisition act, cap 295 ....................................................................................... 17
2.4.8 Environmental management and coordination act, 1999 ............................................. 17
2.5 Design Guidelines and elements ......................................................................................... 17
2.5.1 Elements of the design objectives and guidelines ........................................................ 17
2.5.2 Design and regulatory guidelines ................................................................................. 20
2.6 Case studies ......................................................................................................................... 21
2.6.1 Case study 1: Khayelitsha Township in Cape Town –South Africa ............................ 21
Situational crime prevention .................................................................................................. 23
2.6.2 Case study 2: Community policing .............................................................................. 25
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2.7 Conceptual framework ........................................................................................................ 29
CHAPTER THREE ...................................................................................................................... 30
SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS ....................................................................................................... 30
3.1 Overview ............................................................................................................................. 30
3.2 Location context of the project area .................................................................................... 30
3.2.1 Regional context ........................................................................................................... 30
3.2.2 Local context ................................................................................................................ 31
3.2.3 Neighborhood context .................................................................................................. 32
3.3 Background of the project area, the project and its historical context ................................ 33
3.4 Site analysis ......................................................................................................................... 33
3.4.1 Physical/landscape/topography .................................................................................... 33
3.4.2 Geological soil characteristics ...................................................................................... 33
3.4.3 Vegetation ..................................................................................................................... 34
3.4.4 Climate.......................................................................................................................... 34
3.4.5 Hydrology ..................................................................................................................... 35
3.5 Population and demographic characteristics ....................................................................... 35
3.5.1 Population ..................................................................................................................... 35
3.5.2 Socio-economic characteristics .................................................................................... 36
3.5.3 Political and cultural profile ......................................................................................... 36
3.6 Land use Analysis ............................................................................................................... 37
3.6.1 Housing ......................................................................................................................... 38
3.7 Institutional, Legal and Financial issues of the Project Area .............................................. 40
Financial: ............................................................................................................................... 40
3.8 Critical emerging issues ...................................................................................................... 41
CHAPTER FOUR ......................................................................................................................... 42
PROJECT PLANNING DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION .................................................. 42
4.1 Overview ............................................................................................................................. 42
4.2 Planning and design of the project ...................................................................................... 42
4.2.1 Expected outputs........................................................................................................... 42
4.2.2 Design Alternatives ...................................................................................................... 43
4.2.3 Evaluation of alternatives ............................................................................................. 47
4.2.4 Choice of Preferred Alternative .................................................................................... 48
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4.3 Site planning/design process ............................................................................................... 48
4.3.1 The research and analysis stage .................................................................................... 48
4.3.2 Synthesis of the design phase ....................................................................................... 48
4.3.3 The evaluation stage ..................................................................................................... 49
4.3.4 Implementation stage .................................................................................................... 49
4.3.5 Detailed design formulation ......................................................................................... 49
4.4 Implementation strategies Matrix........................................................................................ 53
4.5 Implementation phasing ...................................................................................................... 56
4.6 Project costing and Resource requirement .......................................................................... 56
4.7 Actors, implementation agencies and role of stake-holders ................................................ 57
4.7.1 The role of stakeholders ............................................................................................... 58
CHAPTER FIVE .......................................................................................................................... 59
MONITORING AND EVALUATION ........................................................................................ 59
5.1 Overview ............................................................................................................................. 59
5.2 Technical Issues in monitoring and evaluation of a project ................................................ 59
5.3 Indicators of a successful development project................................................................... 59
5.4 Monitoring and evaluation stages .................................................................................. 60
5.4.1 Hindrances to a successful evaluation process ............................................................. 60
5.5 Guidelines for the implementation process ......................................................................... 60
5.5.1 Working together with the community ......................................................................... 61
5.5.2 Principles that will guide implementation .................................................................... 61
5.6 Site/Environmental management plan ................................................................................ 61
5.6.1 Relevance of Environmental Impact Management Plan .............................................. 62
5.7 Contribution of the Development project to planning profession in Kenya ....................... 63
BIBLIOGRAPHY ......................................................................................................................... 64
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1:Active Boxes .................................................................................................................. 17
Figure 2: Design proposal for the Khayelitsha Violence Prevention Programme ........................ 18
Figure 3: Conceptual framework .................................................................................................. 29
Figure 4: Climate graph for Nairobi, Kenya ................................................................................. 35
Figure 5: Description of all land activities in the project area ...................................................... 37
Figure 6: Management structure of the Nairobi City County ....................................................... 40
Figure 7:Spatial representation of alternative one ........................................................................ 44
Figure 8: Spatial representation of the second alternative ............................................................ 46
Figure 9: Site planning/design process ......................................................................................... 49
Figure 10: Spatial representation of the integration of alternative 1 and 2 ................................... 49
Figure 11: Proposed community policing ..................................................................................... 51
Figure 12: Proposed green spaces and green parks ...................................................................... 52
Figure 13: Monitoring and evaluation stages................................................................................ 60
Figure 14: Sustainable implementation process ........................................................................... 61
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Evaluation of alternatives ............................................................................................... 47
Table 2: Implementation strategies framework ............................................................................ 54
Table 3: Project costing and human resource requirement ........................................................... 57
Table 4: Impact management plan ................................................................................................ 62
LIST OF MAPS
Map 1: Crime hotspot map ............................................................................................................. 2
Map 2: Google image of land use and crime .................................................................................. 3
Map 3: Location of Nairobi within the national context............................................................... 30
Map 4:Locational context of the study area .................................................................................. 31
Map 5: Google image of the neighbourhood characteristics ........................................................ 32
Map 6: Land use map................................................................................................................... 38
Map 7: Problem map for the study area ........................................................................................ 39
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LIST OF PLATES
Plate 1: Natural surveillance ......................................................................................................... 21
Plate 2: SARA model .................................................................................................................... 26
Plate 3: Image of case study area .................................................................................................. 28
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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Overview
This chapter provides introduction that give the title, findings as well as recommendations
of the planning research project, a summary of the development project title, objectives
and methodology.
1.2 Statement of the planning research project title
This Development project is guided by the planning research project titled, “Implications of
urban informal settlements on insecurity: A Case Study of Dagoretti North section of
Waruku/Gatina. The research project investigated the relationships between different land
use, seasonality, type and causes of crime and their impacts on the people of the settlement
area. Different crime types were brought up and correlated with the land uses they affect
most. In the research, time and crime occurrence was also correlated and the findings
determined. Adoptive measures and strategic interventions that have been adopted by the
residents to curb and reduce crime occurrences were also identified. It finally addressed
the possible interventions to deal with the situation hence curb incidences of crime, fear of
crime and in the process foster to establish a prosperous and secure Waruku/Gatina
settlement.
1.3 Summary of the main findings of the planning research project
The planning research project found out that the most crimes committed in the
settlement include burglary, mugging, rape and house breakings.
Where by the root causes of these crimes were classified based on the three facets which
are the:
Environmental designs cause (spatial causes)
The institutional causes
And the socio- economic causes
These causes were based on the following factors which aggravated crime occurrence in
the settlement
Youth peer pressure who found it heroic to participate in crime cases. 32.5% of the
respondents said this.
10% attributed crime in the area to individuals who were unwilling to report the
perpetrators who caused crime in the area since they are related or are great
friends.
10% of the responses based on the issue of drugs that made the youth to get
involved in crime related cases.
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20% said that youth unemployment led to the cases of crime as the youth seek ways
to survive with the hard economy.
7.5% said that the nyumba kumi initiative had failed and where it existed it was not
fully embraced.
2.5% indicated that crime commitment was due to poverty, presence of bushes and
maize farms and also inadequate police patrol.
5% attributed this to isolated footpath and dark places in the area
1.3.1 Spatial distribution of crime in the study area This finding was to establish the spatial distribution of crime in the study area which was one of
the key research question the project intended to answer. The main hotspots identified were as
indicated in the map below:
Map 1: Crime hotspot map
Source: author 2016
1.3.2 Land use and crime
The research project found out that 72.5% of the respondents agreed to the fact that crime
occurred in space and was highly related to land uses while 27.5% said crime does not
relate land use. Those who related crime to residential land use were 30%, both
commercial and residential were 32.5% while those who associated commercial land use
to crime were 15% while those who gave no response were 15%.
The type of land use that should be given priority in order to curb crime in the area was
47.5% who said that commercial land use should be given priority to curb crime, 25% said
1: Makaburini
2: Kangemi Bridge
3, 2, 4: maize farm
along Nairobi
River
5: Gatina Bridge
6: Along the
Waruku stream
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that residential land use was most affected while those who said agricultural land use to be
given priority were 12.5% as per the household interviews
Based on enterprise interview, 30% of the respondents said that residential land uses
served as the source of their customers, 30% said that vacant lots and isolated land uses
acted as the main hotspots thus where most perpetrators hid and operated thus instilled
fear into the business operators, 15% said that agricultural land use mainly provided their
business products especially those who sold vegetables while 15% accounted agricultural
land use a hideout for criminals and 10% gave no response.
This can be attributed to the fact that commercial land use had expensive and valuable
products susceptible to crime thus they are targets while residential land use was easy to
break into since most of the building materials were iron sheets.
Map 2: Google image of land use and crime
Sources: Field survey 2016
Residential
land use
mostly
associated
with crime
Agricultural
land use as
one of the
hotspot in the
study area
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1.3.3 Seasonality and crime
Based on the temporal aspect weekends contributed to most crime occurrence in the
settlement whereby the total who attributed to this were an average of 90% of the total
respondents sampled in the study area attributed to this. The month of January and
December was also seen as the period when most crimes tend to occur in the study area
with 85% of the total respondents stating this.
Crime also occurred most frequently during the wee dark hours of the night especially at 8
pm to early mornings when most path were isolated.
The type of weather that attracted most crime was rainy seasons especially during the
night hours. this could be argued on the fact that the settlement had poor lighting, poor
access roads, less police patrol during this period and the noise produced by rains
prevented neighbours from realizing house breakage since the settlement has most iron
made houses, the isolated paths also during rainy period led to this.
1.4 Summary of the main recommendations of the planning research project
1.4.1 Overview
Thus this project intends to employ the following recommendable prevention measures
based on the main findings to curb the insecurity cases in the urban informal settlements
based on the above facets that were mainly addressed by the residents of the settlement
1.4.2 Situational crime prevention
Situational crime prevention which will aims to change the physical and spatial
environmental conditions that generate violence, crime and fear of crime through
improved urban planning, design and infrastructure.
In practice, components of situational crime prevention focus on the recovery of public
spaces. To this end, existing crime hotspots are eradicated and programmes aim to
constructing integrated human settlements including general access to basic infrastructure
such as water supply or transportation systems. Measures also include improved access to
parks and green areas or improved solid waste management and street lightening, among
others.
Elements of situational crime and crime prevention
Coherent and integrated town planning, from larger areas down to site-specific
considerations. Planning tools include tailor-made adaptations of national urban and
architectural design standards based on the identification of crime and insecurity hotspots.
They form part of the community consultation process.
Provision of social and economic public infrastructure to (re-)establish the functionality of
the informal settlements. Programmes support local authorities in the setting up, operation
and maintenance of public infrastructure and social services. They encourage the
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participation of the local population and local businesses so as to provide services that
meet people’s needs and create favorable conditions for local economic development.
Site-specific interventions introduce places that enhance individual safety and allow the
population to identify itself with the areas. Interventions range from safe pedestrian
walkways, urban parks, rehabilitated housing units, sports and recreational sites, to the
development of schools into community learning centres, daycare facilities, healthcare
centres, and commercial centres. Complementary interventions tackle geological or
environmental security conditions, such as stabilization of slopes or riverbeds.
With the principle of natural surveillance guiding installation of lights, lighting should be
done in such a way that it allows people to be recognized from 25 meters away. During
installation one should avoid directing the lighting so that it glares into eyes or into those of
persons passing by on the sidewalk or street. Glare may prevent residents from seeing and
identifying intruders.
Flash lights should be installed as they cover a wide area as well as street lights in all access
routes to ensure proper visibility at night. The lights should be situated in central places of
both residential, open spaces and pathways to ensure vandalism is minimized and external
security for both people and property is enhanced Lights will play the greatest role in
minimizing crime especially at night and also there will be least fear of crime. With a good
lighting system Car parking areas will be well Illuminated hence providing natural
surveillance during the hours of darkness for the parked vehicles. Generally lighting does
not prevent crime but will provide opportunity for occurrence of crime.
1.4.3 Social Crime prevention
Social violence prevention addresses factors arising from social interactions in the
neighbourhood and felt needs of community development. Experience with slum-
upgrading programmes has shown that the success and sustainability of programmes is
contingent upon community involvement in decision-making, implementation and
operation and maintenance. Activities contribute to social cohesion by empowering
vulnerable groups: they enable residents to assume responsibility for their environment,
offer ways for ordinary people to make a contribution and identify with their residential
environment, and thus enforce social control in high risk areas. Thus the development
project will ensure that the designs made empowers and gives the residents the
opportunities to conduct businesses in order to cut the cycle of poverty and unemployment
among the youth who are viewed as the main perpetrators of crime.
1.4.4 Local governance promotion
In general, governance is a cross-cutting issue and precondition for the implementation of
crime related programmes. Local governance promotion first and foremost aims at
mainstreaming principles of good governance in public administration. The weakness of
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state institutions to actively address the multi-faceted problems in slum areas creates a
vacuum, which leaves the door open to violence. By implementing crime related
programmes, local governments go through a learning process, which empowers them to
fulfil their stipulated roles and functions such as an improved and intensified police patrol.
Thus it’s the role of local governance to clearly and inclusively promote the proactive
measure to curb crime by involving the community members who understands the
situation more than the police hence community policing highly recommended.
1.4.5 The coping mechanism by the business and household owners
1. The Nyumba Kumi initiative
2. Inadequate Police patrol
3. The use of informers among the community
4. Closing of the business early
5. Walking in company
6. Avoiding hotspot areas at dark hours
7. Use of motorbikes when late
1.5 Development Project for implementation
CREATING ACTIVE BOXES AND PATHS TO ENHANCE SECURITY IN GATINA/WARUKU
AREA IN DAGORETTI NORTH.
Residential areas, business premises, access paths, open spaces and green parks were
identified as crime prone areas affected by burglaries and mugging hence a better design of
their layout will have a great influence in curbing of crime within the neighbourhood. The
project will capture spatial plans which will be correctly dimensional sketch plans or the
site Development plans further detailing development of the site and incorporating
movement patterns, focus area, streetscape, the treatment of the hard and the soft spaces
and the detailed urban design proposals for the site. Pockets of development projects are
identified and detailed in such a manner as to ensure that sensible, logical and cost-
effective implementation is achieved. Critical stages for community participation must be
considered in this project as a minimum to ensure that the development of Safe Node Areas
is sustainable and accepted by the targeted residents as a product of their own endeavour.
1.6 Justification for the choice of development Project title
Crime and the fear of crime occurrence affects the way people use and enjoy the places
where they live, work and use for recreation. The design of the built environment can play
a very significant role in reducing crime as well as disorder and reducing the fear of crime
occurrence at any time of the day.it also plays a role in preventing or deterring criminal
activity and anti-social behavior by reducing the availability of opportunities to commit
crime. The form and layout design of the environmental design can either discourage or
encourage people to take part in crime. A proper design of the streets, orderliness of the
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estate surveillance of streets as well as open spaces and create a naturally defensible space
will ensure the safety and people willing to participate. This can limit the opportunities or
decrease the perceived risk of committing a crime and as well create a safer and a more
pleasant environment.
Crime results partly from opportunities presented by the physical environment and it
should be much possible to alter the environment so that crime is less likely to occur or
committed. For residents to be able to set the norms of behavior and the nature of activity
possible within a particular place, it is necessary that it have clear, unquestionable control
over what can occur in a space hence a proper layout will bring out a clear ownership of
space.
Design can make it possible for both inhabitant and stranger to perceive that an area is
under the undisputed influence of a particular person or group, that they dictate the
activity taking place within it, and who its users are to be. This can be made so clearly
evident that residents will not only feel confident, but that it is incumbent upon them to
question the comings and goings of people to ensure the continued safety of the defined
areas. Any intruder will be made to anticipate that his presence will be under question,
observance and open to challenge so much so that a criminal can be deterred from even
contemplating entry of premises within the neighbourhood.
1.7 Objectives of the Development Project
To propose an overall active boxes concept to curb insecurity in the urban informal
settlement.
1.7.1 The specific objectives of the active boxes concept will try to address
1. Better street design that will reduce the occurrence of crime in the settlement.
2. Analyze existing situation against the required policies and guidelines of a secure
neighbourhood.
3. Design a functional layout and revitalized neighbourhood that is responsive to
insecurity and unsustainable environment.
4. Prepare a comprehensive management system for the project to ensure its
sustainability.
5. Create an implementation, evaluation and monitoring framework for the
development of the main street.
1.8 Assumptions of the development Project title
1. All the relevant stakeholders will be willing to fully play the requested roles
2. The adopted development will address crime in the area and reduce it in a
sustainable manner
3. Development will be done in collaboration with the city council, security agents,
residents and estate owners to ensure ownership and maintenance of the project
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1.9 Scope of the development project and the organization of the project in chapters
The development project shall focus on the crime hot spot areas and other designs that
area relevant to the safety of the residents and business owners in the settlement for
effective movement and interactions in space and place through a concept of creating
active boxes in the crime prone areas.
The chosen area for development is characterized by high levels of crime within the
neighbourhood with scattered and uncontrolled developments. The site has no sense of
ownership seen by the maintenance level and use of available facilities such as open spaces
and the green spaces which are not occupied much as they are located in environmental
fragile or unfriendly areas which are dark and isolated especially at night. This has left the
place unattended to as well as unoccupied hence has become criminal hideout. Also are
dead ends due to the nature of access paths which are defined by the inadequate
developments by the county government in the informal settlements.
The project is organized into five major chapters
Chapter 1: Introduction
This chapter links the research project to the development project by analyzing findings
and recommendations of the research project. It is from the analysis of the findings and
recommendations from the research project that the topic of the development project is
chosen. Within the chapter is the justification of the development project, location and
coverage of the development project, objectives, assumptions, scope and research
methodology, data needs requirements, and data sources of the development project. It
also highlights methods of data collection, data analysis, data presentation, its limitations
and definition of key terms to be used.
Chapter 2: Review of policy guidelines
This chapter focuses on the review of relevant planning policies, design guidelines, and
standards, regulatory guidelines, case studies relevant to the development project, and statement
of a conceptual framework that will guide design and implementation process of the project.
Chapter 3: Situational analysis
The chapter presents the situational analysis of the project to be developed.it shows the
location context of the project area, states background of the study area, its site analysis,
population and demographic characteristics of the study area including its socio-economic,
cultural and political characteristics.
Chapter 4: project planning design and implementation
This chapter focuses on planning and design of the project, development of the spatial plan
including design of alternatives, evaluation of alternatives, plan proposals which are inform
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of drawings and spatial models, the design process, development of detailed action plan
and its implementation schedule.
Chapter 5: Monitoring and Evaluation
This chapter expounds how the project will be monitored and evaluated, guidelines of the
implementation and site plan to ensure sustainability of the project.
1.10 Methodology
This project for its successful completion data was collected to aid in decision making
during its development for the stated objectives to be achieved. This part expounds on the
type of data needed, sources of data, methods of data collection and the analysis.
1.10.1 Data needs and requirements
The existing site characteristics; this helped in detailing out the challenges and factors that
enhance crime hence design of the best alternative to curb the situation being experienced.
The design guidelines
1.10.2 Data sources
Data relating to the study area were done through planning security site inventory from
both the primary and the secondary sources and they include: focus group discussion,
observation, map analysis, photography, use of questionnaires, library and the online
sources.
1.10.3 Methods of data collection
Primary and secondary methods of data collection aided in gathering information. The
Primary methods included direct observation, measurement and photography. This helped
in detailing out the existing situation hence used to determine the best alternative.
Secondary methods on the other hand involved reading of government publications, library
as well as internet research. This gave information on the best design guidelines, minimum
safety standards as well as the existing policies.
1.10.4 Methods of analysis Data was analyzed in from of reports, use of maps and, Google sketch up, Geographic
Information System (GIS), and Arch CAD.
1.10.5 Methods of data presentation
Data was presented in form of maps, photographs, sketches, written reports and detailed
conceptual designs.
1.10.6 Definition of key terms and concepts
Development-Refers to the making of the material change in the use or density of any
building or land or the subdivision of any land [COK, 2010].
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Shopping center- refers to a buildup area comprising of a group of retail shops,
restaurants, offices for the use of the pedestrians and the residents of the neighbourhood.
Node- is a strategic focal point that an observer can enter which functions as a hub/center
of activity. It can also be defined by junctions of paths in an area where particular activities
are concentrated.
Active Boxes- The concept of active boxes is to basically design out the hotspot areas by
creating an interactive spaces that brings space ownership and to reduce target hardening
by providing surveillance. Also refers to notion of introducing places that develop an
identity for the Safe Node Areas such as:
Development of Schools into community learning and development centres; Construction of sports and recreational sites; Mixed used facilities ranging from work live units to multipurpose centres; Safe pedestrian Walkways
Crime prevention- refers to intervention designed to inhibit the development of criminal potentials in individuals, thereby reducing the number of motivated offenders. A developmental approach involves moderating risk factors (factors or determinants for which there is strong objective evidence of causal relationships to violence) and amplifying protective factors (factors that potentially decrease the likelihood of engaging in violence)
Territoriality (‘owned’ spaces): The sense of ownership which a community has over its
environment encourages residents to become involved in reducing crime.
Defined access and movement: Easy access and well-defined routes into, and through, a
public place, help develop a ‘pedestrian’ understanding of that space and perception of
safety.
Image and aesthetics (dignity): A positive image of a place can be achieved by ensuring a
‘human’ scale using appropriate materials, colors, landscaping, and lighting to encourage
high levels of public activity.
Physical barriers: This relates to strengthening building facades and spaces to improve
personal safety.
Maintenance and management (pride and ownership) Well-managed and maintained
urban environments encourage a sense of pride and ownership.
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CHAPTER TWO
REVIEW OF LEGAL AND POLICY GUIDELINES
2.1 Overview
This chapter analyses relevant policies, design standards and guidelines on the informal
settlement of Nairobi towards achieving a sustainable and efficient secure path node.
Subsequently case studies have been analyzed to inform on the best practices relevant to
the development projects which will be reviewed.
A conceptual framework will be developed from the various policy reviews and case
studies that will guide the design and the implementation of the project.
2.2 Legal framework
2.2.1 The Constitution of Kenya, 2010
The constitution is the supreme law of Kenya and binds all persons and state organs at
both levels of government. The project will be bound by the constitution.
The constitution provides for the rights to every person to a clean and secure environment
which is the core role of this project to tackle the problem of insecurity.
National security is the protection against internal and external threats to Kenya’s
territorial integrity and sovereignty, its people, their rights, freedoms, property, peace,
stability and prosperity and other national interests.
It provides that the land should be used in a manner that is equitable, efficient, productive
and sustainable.
Under the constitution, the national legislation is necessary for, the maintenance of
national security; the maintenance of economic unity; the protection of the common
market in respect of the mobility of goods, services, capital and labour; the promotion of
economic activities across county boundaries and the promotion of equal opportunity or
equal access to government services.
2.3 Policy guidelines
2.3.1 Kenya Vision 2030
Vision 2030 is the development blue print prepared from 2008-2030. The vision is
involved with preparation and enforcement of an integrated spatial growth and
development strategy and actualization of the strategic programs for the provision of
social, economic and infrastructural services.
The vision is anchored in three main pillars: economic, social and the political pillars. The
three pillars are also anchored on six factors: infrastructure, human resources,
development, technology and innovation. The redevelopment of the settlement will lead to
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economic growth and increased social interaction and the safety of the people living
around and in the settlement.
The Kenyan vision 2030 recognizes security as the foundation of good governance,
individual social welfare and economic development. Freedom from danger, which entails
protection from physical or direct violence, and freedom from fear in terms of a sense of
safety and overall well-being provide an enabling environment for individuals, investments
and businesses to thrive.
The role of security and peace building in promoting global competitiveness and
improvement in the standards of living of the population has been recognized in vision
2030. Indeed, the economic, social and political pillars of Kenya vision 2030 are grounded
on existence of security, peace and tranquility. The vision 2030 focuses on how to improve
security to facilitate investments, national competitive and provide Kenyans with a more
secure living and working environment.
2.3.2 Nairobi Metro Spatial Development plan
The plan considers insecurity as one of the major factors in Nairobi. It discusses that access
points should be clearly visible from the public realm. It mainly focuses on ensuring that he
open spaces and its facilities are safe for the public use, better lighting facilities, clear paths
without shrubs or the hideout points, creating the environment that are safe where people
feel free and safe from attacks.
Poor design of the neighbourhoods at worst encourages crime and at best fails to provide
any deterrents.
Some neighbourhoods as per the document have public spaces that are ill-define. Planting
is often overgrown. Pedestrian routes through the neighbourhood are often dark and
unwelcoming. Local facilities, shops and community centers are provided in small arcades
that are themselves visually unattractive and this consequently encourages crimes.
2.3.3 Nairobi Metro 2030
Security and safety is a critical factor that determines the direction and the patterns of
human settlements and investment decisions. The desired metropolitan development faces
the setback and the threat of the past, the present and the perceived insecurity. They seek
to address the issues of safety in two levels for its residents and its investors with respect
to the former plan; Nairobi metropolitan growth strategy and the political configuration in
which the new project comes about.
Sensible security measures will be incorporated during the setting up of the pedestrian
friendly access paths and safe nodes inform of active boxes and the refurbishment of the
settlements infrastructure facilities. The efforts brought about by the above will be to
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reduce the levels of fear, crime and safety nodes along the path that will help incase crime
incidences will have to occur.
Nairobi Metro 2030 focuses on the implementation of integrated close circuit system for
the Nairobi metropolitan region so as to help reduce crime and it focuses on the CBD area,
identified crime hot spots, the major arteries and intersections as well as identified critical
areas such as industrial areas.
A major component also addressed to enhance security is the Metropolitan Street being a
critical intervention from the public safety point of view. It is also important in ensuring
efficient and effective business processes especially in the growing knowledge based
economy.
2.3.4 UN Habitat Safer Cities Programme The safer cities programme was launched in 1996 at the request of the African mayors who
wanted to develop city- level crime prevention strategies to address urban crime and
violence which have been a serious problem in cities around the world. The damage and
fear they create threatens the quality of life, human rights, social and the economic stability
and sustainable development. The safer Nairobi initiative dated back to April 2000 when
the city council of Nairobi requested the UN HABITAT to provide technical support to the
development of the city wide crime prevention strategy, technical assistance by the UN-
HABITAT to the city of Nairobi commenced in April 2001 towards developing a community
based strategy for the urban crime prevention and safety improvement initiatives in
Nairobi through a multi-sector approach coordinated by the city authorities. Nairobi has
benefited from the technical support of the international organizations key being UN-
Habitat and UNDP.
Factors seen to be associated with urban crime and violence includes the rapid pace of
urbanization, poor urban planning, design and management and growth in youthful
population. With this the programme targets the following key issues to address the
problem identified;
Situational, institutional and social crime prevention methods.
Promoting local authority leadership and responsibility for urban safety as a part of good
urban governance.
Supporting crime prevention partnership and initiatives implemented in collaboration with
local authorities, the criminal justice system, the private sector and the civil society in
order to successfully and sustainably address urban insecurity issues.
Building city networks to share knowledge, expertise and practices that can be replicated
in other cities and regions, conducting training and capacity building for local authorities
and other stakeholders.
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2.3.5 Physical Planning Handbook, 2008
The handbook provides guidelines and minimum standards on the process and practice of
physical planning. The book outlines recommended densities for developments, percentage
of land to be left for recreation as well as residential development. It gives minimum
standards for residential street design, recommended minimum plot frontages as well as
cover and also maximum plinth area as per residential zones for the purpose of safety as
well as provision of services to the different residential areas.
2.3.6 Building Code (1968)
These refer to by laws which can be adopted by any municipality or county council to
control development in their areas of jurisdiction. It makes provisions for standards on
regulating the development of buildings and other incidental developments. According to
the building code buildings should not have frontages of less than 30ft which is equal to
9.144 meters defined in its’ by law number 26 which has been stated also in planning and
building regulations of 2009.This will help ease surveillance as people will have a wider
view of their plots.
By law 29 states that boundary walls, screen walls, fences and other means of enclosure of
residential plots shall not be erected to a greater height than 4ft or 1.22 meters. Abutting
on to a street or in front of the building line of the main building is given 6ft.By law 30 in
addition states that the boundary walls created should not cause obstruction to the view of
persons using any street used by vehicular traffic, or at near any bend, corner, junction or
intersection so as to be likely to cause danger to such persons. With such visibility will be
enhanced and obstruction minimized hence natural surveillance achieved discouraging
potential offenders in fear of being noticed.
2.3.7 Planning and Building Regulation 2009
Boundary walls, screen walls, fences or other means of enclosure of residential plots shall
not be erected to a greater height than 1.35m in where abutting on to a street or in front of
the building line of the main building, or in any other case. This is to enable those within
plots overlook the streets hence ensure streets safety and this makes users feel safer and
always occupy the streets reducing chances of crime occurrences. All other external
boundary walls, screen walls, fences, etc. shall be of such a height as The Authority may
require. Razor wire is not permitted in any residential area. Razor wire, where permitted,
may only be fixed at a minimum of 2m above ground level. Broken glass and similar is not
permitted on any building. This shows a sense of less ownership and responsibility over
the property and this encourages criminals
It states that in every residential area; the width of the carriage way of and of each footpath
in any private street shall be not less than the width specified in table 9 below. The width of
the carriageway of any cul-de-sac shall be not less than 5m and the width of each footpath
therein shall be not less than 2.0m. This is to bring balance between traffic in carriage way
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and foot path to avoid unnecessary congestion leading to one space users infringing the
others space.
2.4 Legal and Regulatory framework
2.4.1 Physical Planning Act Cap 286 of the laws of Kenya
The act empowers local authorities to control land use activities within their areas of
jurisdiction. The act also stipulates preparation of physical development plans for the local
regional levels. The act will land uses in the site and also integrate local physical
development plans for the city. It is also concerned with development of land and buildings
in the interests of proper and orderly development of its area
Consider and approve all development applications and grant all development
permissions
Ensures the proper execution and implementation of the approved physical
development plans
The act also looks at the urban renewal and redevelopment which is the key
principle of VPUU and for this research
2.4.2 Devolved system of governance and its effect to the Physical planning Act cap 286
Physical Planning Act of 1996 and Local Government Act CAP 265 have been the main
legislative instruments governing urban areas. Articles 176 and 184 of the Constitution of
Kenya 2010 make provisions for devolved governance; and classification and management
of urban areas and cities. The government has prepared National Urban Development
Policy as part of its efforts to implement the provisions of the Constitution and Vision 2030
on urban development. As part of the implementation of the constitutional provisions on
urbanization, Urban Areas and Cities Act 2011 has been prepared to replace local
government Act hence there is need to harmonise urban areas and cities act with the
physical planning act to ensure conflicting regulations are done away with hence provide
harmonized regulations that will ensure a safe and secure environment where the society
lives in.
Each county and urban area and city shall prepare integrated development plans to guide
and inform all planning and development issues. All decisions with regard to planning,
management and development must be aligned with the national plans and strategies of
the nation. An integrated development plan shall be binding and shall guide and inform all
planning and development decisions in the Counties, including urban areas. These shall
complement the Physical Planning Act. Before devolved system of governance in Kenya,
planning was done with the guidance of local government act CAP 265 at county and
municipal council levels. However urban areas and cities act with county government act
will guide planning at county levels at which plans will be done as per the devolved system
of governance regulations with the basis of physical planning act which needs
harmonization.
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2.4.3 Urban Areas and Cities Act, 2011
The act provides for the, classification, governance and the management of urban areas and
cities to provide for the criteria of establishing urban areas, to provide for the principle of
governance and the participation of the residents. The act provides for the establishment of
a board of city or municipality that is to among other mandates promote a safe and healthy
environment, ensure participation of the residents in decision making, its activities and
programmes. The act empowers the powers to the boards to provide such services to the
city or municipality that it is within its jurisdiction hence Nairobi city board is expected to
provide these services to residents of Waruku/Gatina neighbourhood to ensure they live in
a safe and secure environment taking over from the former local government. This kind of
services will ensure and secure neighbourhoods to live in as the boards will be accountable
for how they perform.
2.4.4 County Government Act
The act provides for county governments' powers, functions and responsibilities. Within
the act is county planning department that is mandated to among other services make
reservations for public security and other critical national infrastructure and other utilities
and services, integrate economic, physical, social, environmental and spatial planning. This
will ensure balanced system hence consequently safe neighbourhoods. Public participation
is recognized in the act hence with input of residents’ contributions while coming up with
plans will ensure a secure neighbourhood.
2.4.5 National Police Service Act (2011)
The act stipulates the mandate of police service in enhancing a safe and secure
environment. The function of the police service shall be among others to; provide
assistance to the public when in need, maintain law and order, protect life and property,
investigate crimes, collect criminal intelligence, prevent and detect crime, apprehend
offenders and enforce all laws and regulations with which it is charged. The Service shall
liaise with communities through community policing initiatives, with a view to; establish
and maintain partnership between the community and the Service, promote
communication between the Service and the community, promote co-operation between
the Service and the community in fulfilling the needs of the community regarding policing
and promote policing problem identification and policing problem solving by the Service
and the community. With the mandate given by the act, a safe and secure neighbourhood
will be much enhanced and strengthened by community policing. This will hence ensure a
safe environment cementing a well done layout to prevent crime by ensuring insecurity
issue is addressed by collaboration of both the community and the service.
2.4.6 The Traffic Act chapter 403
The act stipulates that the local authority may designate parking spaces within its area of
jurisdiction for vehicles of any particular class or description having regard to both the
interest of traffic as well as of occupiers of the adjoining property. The cat also states that
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the local authorities may prescribe how vehicles may be driven or stand in the designated
parking. It prohibits the carrying of trade or other activities within the designated parking
or the encroachment on the road
2.4.7 Land acquisition act, cap 295
It stipulates the compulsory acquisition of land for public purpose subjected to prompt
justly payment of compensation
2.4.8 Environmental management and coordination act, 1999
Is a premier environmental legislation that embraces the dictum of sustainable
development. The act captures a wide range of environmental issues imposing a mandatory
environmental impact assessment for all projects with significant impact on the
environment. The act establishes the national environmental management authority as an
institution with legal authority to exercise general supervision and coordination of all
environmental policies and developments.
2.5 Design Guidelines and elements
2.5.1 Elements of the design objectives and guidelines
The most important requirements for VPUU crime prevention through the concept of
Active boxes.
The concept of the Active Boxes has been introduced via the Precinct Plans and is a result
of two processes – the urban design approach of VPUU based on a combination of CPTED
principles and elements of social crime prevention and the process arising out of the
Baseline Survey process that expressed the need of improved safety throughout the SNA.
Figure 1:Active Boxes
Source: http://www.vpuu.org
The concept of active boxes is to basically design out the hotspot areas by creating an
interactive space that brings space ownership and to reduce target hardening by providing
surveillance.
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From planning to action
Having established the problem areas, VPUU planners identified six urban
upgrading initiatives to significantly reduce crime
Increased surveillance through neighbourhood watch patrols, 24-hours community
watch towers known as the Active Boxes, the use of multipurpose work-live units,
and the introduction of the safe Nodes Areas.
Clearly defined boundaries between properties to encourage greater responsibility
among residents
Safer pedestrian passageways, through use of street lighting and paved walkways
Aesthetically pleasing buildings and facilities to discourage criminal acts
Well-kept buildings that are respected b residents and which deter illegal activities
Higher physical barriers between properties in order to prevent criminal mobility.
The above infrastructural development accounts for about half of the projects
undertakings, but VPUU committee planners are placed equal emphasis on the
development of Khayelitsha people centric initiatives.
Figure 2: Design proposal for the Khayelitsha Violence Prevention Programme
Urban design principles
Situation crime prevention aims to change the physical environmental conditions that
generate crime and fear of crime through improved urban design and planning. The
situational prevention has been addressed on strategic levels by the development of the
Urban design Principles on a Safe Node which is based on the principles of CPTED. The
Source: Author 2016
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design principles are based on the analysis of the areas. The analysis is informed by the
crime hotspots identified during the baseline survey. The eradication of the existing crime
hotspots and construction of integrated human settlements including of new integrated
facilities.
Within Safe Node Areas remains the aim of the situational crime prevention. The elements
of design of the situational crime prevention are:
1. Following the package of plans approach which allows coherent and integrated planning
on all levels of town planning, urban design from safe node areas to site specific
interventions
The urban design concept plans
Precinct plans
Site specific interventions
The notion of introducing places that develop an identity for the safe node areas
such as Active Boxes, or urban parks
Development of schools into community learning and development centres
Construction of sports and recreational sites
Mixed use facilities ranging from work live units to multipurpose centres
Safe pedestrian walkways
Infill housing
The following are the key elements on which design principles and guidelines will be based
on:
Pedestrian walkways
Safe pedestrian walkways are core elements of the VPUU urban design approach. The
urban design principles are applied to these developments to ensure safer walkways for
the residents. They should be accessible visible. The more they are used the safer they
become.
Lighting
Facilitates the public space to look safer and visible. Care needs to be taken with regard to
lighting to ensure that both the vehicular carriageway and pedestrian paths are sufficiently
illuminated, without the creation of unnecessary light overspill or hot spots. The level of
lighting provided should reflect the street hierarchy where the importance of the route is
reflected by the type of lighting provided. Light installations should be placed on standard
12m columns, with a minimum clearance of 5m to the nearest tree canopy. Lighting should
be high pressure white light so as to highlight areas as major vehicular/pedestrian routes
at night and to maximize visibility and safety. Areas that are not used should not be lit but
designated so as to avoid activities happening around it. Dimmer lights allow people to see
more clearly and more effectively. The open areas and spaces that have access paths should
be well lit to create safe nodes and also in the construction of the active boxes concept
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Hard surfaces
This includes paved walkways and streets, the recreational play grounds such as the
basketball courts which facilitates easy movement at all time.
Active boxes alongside the walkways and in crime hotspot areas
It should entail the passive and the active use of the public spaces for varieties of activities
as the more they are fully used the safer they become
Live work units for instance recreational and entertainment points
This includes playgrounds shopping stalls, community facility centers to act as the location
for community policing center, police patrol points, bars among others.
2.5.2 Design and regulatory guidelines
Safer Design Guidelines
Safety is one of the most important requirements for any healthy community and
environment. There is a strong relationship between safety and wellbeing of a community,
the physical environment and the public safety.
Drawn Oscar Newman’s’ principles on the defensible spaces the following design measures
when taken into account in the design of Waruku/Gatina informal settlement, will assist in
curbing issues identified to cause crime and insecurity within the estate.
Lighting
Areas that are not used should not be lit but designated so as to avoid activities happening
around it. Dimmer lights allow people to see more clearly and more effectively. The open
areas and spaces that have access paths should be well lit to create safe nodes and also in
the construction of the active boxes concept.
Site layout
The design of the streets, parks or any other movement corridors should be connected to
the existing streets and the circulation routes. Along the routes there should be safety
nodes and the active box concept highly employed to avoid victimization incase a crime
offence arises.
This can be achieved by avoiding the creation of the isolated neighbourhood. The streets
and the movement routs within the settlement should be attractive, well lit, maintained
and accessible to everyone. Cross generational activities in public spaces and the provision
of plenty of public seating should be encouraged to provide for the natural surveillance at
various times of the day.
Fencing
Fences should be 50% transparent to allow visibility and should be limited to heights less
than 1.20 m unless located on the major road.
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Violence prevention through urban upgrading (VPUU) design tools
VPUU concept uses specific design tools to implement the safety principles and these
include the:
Introduction of a clear signage and way finding system,
Creating visual connections along walking routes,
Ensuring movement routes are clear and short as possible,
The clustering and the integration of public activities and ensuring that site layout
has active edges to increase passive surveillance.
These principles and design tools are used in all areas of the upgrading process to ensure
that the main challenge- crime prevention-is addressed in the new interventions. Thus the
project will be based on a three pillars of development namely the
1. Situational crime prevention
2. Social crime prevention
3. Institutional crime prevention
Natural surveillance through VPUU; which entails
Access, Visual connections and clear signage
Plate 1: Natural surveillance
Source: www.vpuu.org
Transparent fencing by ensuring movement routes are clear
Use of CCTV cameras on high rise buildings
2.6 Case studies
2.6.1 Case study 1: Khayelitsha Township in Cape Town –South Africa
The Violence Prevention through Urban Upgrading project (VPUU) is an urban planning
design strategy employed in Cape Town Khayelitsha Township, which uses social
engagement and town planning as tools in fighting crime. The project is based on the belief
Creation of open spaces
that are lively thus people
feel safer
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that “proper design and effective use of the built environment will lead to a reduction in
crime and the fear of crime.
Its main concept of “active boxes” is to improve living condition for residents through
community ‘sub-centres,’ which create employment opportunities, public spaces, and
schools. A Social Development Fund upgrades street lighting and sidewalks. Regular
organized cultural and social events will contribute to a sense of community and
togetherness. Thus the main objective why this project tends to borrow the concept of
active boxes is to create a vibrant street life, community patrol bases, open spaces,
recreational grounds and an economically empowered neighbourhood that has a sense of
social interactions. The application of VPUU concept in the design of Cape Town
Khayelitsha Township has led to a decrease in crime whereby high quality design has
improved quality of life and income-generating opportunities.
One element in overall urban renewal programme is Violence prevention through Urban
Upgrading. VPUU in Khayelitsha, Cape Town, has a pronounced focus on integrated urban
design and planning which impact on safety and living conditions in township settlements.
Khayelitsha is a dormitory town of about 600,000-800,000 inhabitants located about 28
km from Cape Town city Centre. It was characterized by increasing crime rates, poverty,
high unemployment and high HIV rates. Surveys amongst residents reveal that robbery,
murder, rape, and breaking ins are the top four crime categories in the area. In some areas
of Khayelitsha, it is perilous, particularly for women, to walk along the dark paths and unlit
streets at night. ‘Safe nodes’ or ‘Spazas’ are vitally important. Numerous unemployed
persons in Khayelitsha have in effect no way to become self-employed as tradesmen. For
women: the risk of being assaulted and robbed is too great. Through the safe nodes, safe
commercial premises are made available.
The City of Cape Town implemented in 2006, in partnership with the German government
the Violence Prevention through Urban Upgrading programme. The programme aims not
only to reduce crime and increase safety levels but also upgrade neighbourhoods, improve
social standards, and introduce sustainable community projects to empower local residents
on security matters concerning them. The project has focused on improvement in areas in
the Khayelitsha areas of Harare, Kuyasa, Site C/TR section and Site B to create safe areas
for thousands of people. The aim is to improve safety by improving the socio-economic
situation of about 200,000 – 300,000 residents in defined, ‘safe node’ areas, as they are
known, via an area-based approach. This means that dark, neglected and dangerous
hotspots are filled with active life through crime-sensitive urban design.
Concept design principle of VPUU employed in Khayelitsha
VPUU has a set of safety principles which are used as guidelines in the
upgrading/development process, and are in line with principles of crime prevention
through environmental design. These include the following principles.
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Surveillance and visibility - (‘eyes on the street’): Design in public spaces to have good
lighting to ensure maximum public visibility.
Territoriality (‘owned’ spaces): The sense of ownership which a community has over its
environment encourages residents to become involved in reducing crime.
Defined access and movement: Easy access and well-defined routes into, and through, a
public place, help develop a ‘pedestrian’ understanding of that space and perception of
safety.
Image and aesthetics (dignity): A positive image of a place can be achieved by ensuring a
‘human’ scale using appropriate materials, colours, landscaping, and lighting to encourage
high levels of public activity.
Physical barriers: This relates to strengthening building facades and spaces to improve
personal safety.
Maintenance and management (pride and ownership) Well-managed and maintained
urban environments encourage a sense of pride and ownership.
The design of the township used specific design tools to implement the safety principles;
these included introduction of a clear signage a way finding system, creation of visual
connections along routes, and ensuring movement routes are as clear and short as possible
short. Based on the above principle designs tools, their main aim was to ensure the
challenge of crime prevention is addressed in the new intervention measure where VPUU is
based on three pillars which are
Situational crime prevention- Good environmental design ensures that public space is
surrounded by many activities meeting the needs of the surrounding community, as well as
ensuring that spaces provide a safe environment due to passive surveillance.
Urban Park Precinct 3 in Harare is an excellent example of this, as it was previously an
unsafe open space attracting criminals who robbed people on their way home. The area
was identified by community members in 2006 as one of the worst crime hotspots.
Through collaboration with local leadership, City of Cape Town professional engineers, and
creative design solutions from local professionals, this crime hotspot has now been
transformed into a beautiful urban park used by hundreds of residents daily. It has an
“Active Box” (The aim of these “Active Boxes” is to positively occupy previously perceived
dangerous spaces. The Active Boxes are placed approximately every 500 metres along
major pedestrian routes. Volunteer civic patrols guard these buildings. Lights are
strategically placed to illuminate the pedestrian route and stay illuminated at night so
children can play.
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Social crime prevention
It links social programmes to support victims, prevent violence, and ensures safer spaces
are created through the situational crime prevention programme. The main aim of these
projects was to prevent and reduce the impact of crime and violence by strengthening
relationships between people; drawing vulnerable people into safer conditions and
improving the collective capacity of safe node areas for residents to prevent those
becoming victims or perpetrators of crime or violence. The programme included schemes
such as Early Childhood Development (ECD), the Social Development Fund (SDF), gender-
based violence programmes, the Patrolling Project, legal aid and school-based intervention.
Institutional crime prevention
VPUU LED is an area-based approach which aims to build a shared vision, reduce skills
gaps, facilitate grass roots / community involvement, improve access to opportunities, and
mobilize partners. It also enhances the sustainability of business associations and
community organizations’ initiatives. It builds confidence with ‘quick-win’ projects,
exploring practical ways to link businesses from the formal and informal economies
together, making it harder for crime to be committed.
Key highlights of Khayelitsha (results and Impacts)
Numerous aspects contributed to the positive impacts of the project: the most obvious
impact is the upgrading of supported areas, resulting in a more beautiful environment
which increased the sense of well-being among residents. Residents thus have better access
to social, recreational and commercial facilities. From an environmental point of view,
personal damage and economic loss is prevented through infrastructure investment in
erosion control and flood protection in many settlements. Local governments learned to
adapt their services better to local needs, and to open up to community participation in
urban development decision making. Ultimately, improved governance within local (and
national) authorities thus expands the sphere of influence into formerly illegal and
marginalized areas. Programmes led to declined murder and crime rates and the frequency
of young offenders.
Improved safety of residents in Khayelitsha
Provided victim support and crime prevention services
Improved residents’ access to social, recreational, and commercial facilities
Increased capacity and competence in civil society organizations, promoting civil
society initiative measures to prevent violence Empowering inhabitants through
employment and income
Conflict resolution
Sustainability via communal service delivery in the safe node areas
Thus through the concept of Active boxes in the township of Khayelitsha the murder rate in
the area has declined by one-third since the since the start of the VPUU programme and is
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now clearly below the national average. The city is thus assessing possibilities of expanding
the approach and methodology to other Cape Town areas. Further developments have
commenced in other municipal communities. This can be applied to Kenya’s urban
settlement areas.
Barriers and challenges
The following barriers occurred in Khayelitsha; they can be seen in most informal,
suburban settlements and should be considered when transferring the project to similar
regions.
Institutional capacity: service delivery is hampered by shortage in human capacity. This
has been the case particularly with regard to the health sector in Khayelitsha. Challenges
are experienced around lack of coordination between sector plans and a degree of resulting
ad-hoc, non-strategic investment.
Urban renewal is not always a priority within sector planning initiatives.
Coordination between and within spheres of government. Challenges are experienced
around lack of coordination between sector plans and a degree of resulting ad-hoc, non-
strategic investment. Urban renewal is not always a priority within sector planning
initiatives.
Levels of partnership with external stakeholders; there have been challenges with regard
to problematic interfaces between certain community organizations and government
2.6.2 Case study 2: Community policing
In the City of Naperville, IL, police had been dealing with an emerging gang and burglary
problem that was centered on a set of high density, multi-family housing complexes. The
Naperville Police Department in 2002 opened a neighborhood service center in the area
with extended evening hours and a mix of sworn and civilian personnel. The center
provided a number of basic civic and public safety services such as obtaining crime
prevention information, filing police reports, paying utility bills, and obtaining parking permits. The center proved extremely popular, with hundreds of local residents utilizing a
variety of services within the first three months of its opening.
Example from the Field: SARA Application; A trial program conducted by the Jacksonville
Sherriff’s Office (JSO) in 2010 assigned problem-oriented policing officers working under a
SARA-style problem-solving framework to 22 of the city’s most violent criminal “hot spots”
for a 90 day period, and compared crime rates with those of the other 61 hot spots not
subject to the program. Officers in the study group were directed to find creative,
preventative ways to address crimes in their areas based on the unique needs and
characteristics of their neighborhoods. Examples of the specific POP actions taken by
members of the JSO included repairing damaged fences, installing or improving street
lighting, meeting with business and home owners to improve security measures, graffiti
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removal, and park cleaning. At the end of the study period, problem-oriented policing was
associated with a 33% drop in the rate of street violence compared to traditional policing.
Plate 2: SARA model
Source: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles/commp.pdf.
Barriers to effective community policing
Common challenges and barriers to the successful adoption of community policing can be
summed up by the following:
The institutionalization of community policing through organizational
transformation necessitates sufficient resources and sustained commitment from
department executive staff and city leaders.
Changing the culture of a department can be as difficult, if not more difficult, than
changing policies, procedures, and training. Establishing and maintaining
meaningful community partnerships require an education of all stakeholders, the inclusion of missing voices, and a shared responsibility for the outcomes.
Engaging in effective problem solving requires input from several information
sources, high-quality and reliable data, officer autonomy to craft and implement
targeted and creative solutions, and on-going communication.
Lessons learnt for successful community policing
Form community partnerships with a wide-range of partners, above and beyond active resident groups
Increase the department’s accessibility to the residents it serves
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Train personnel at every level of the department in best practices in community policing
Work towards increasing officer buy-in about the benefits of the community policing philosophy
Prioritize sustained and meaningful commitment by the department’s leadership to the community policing philosophy
Integrate community policing activities into performance evaluation systems
Continue to support systematic and standardized problem solving approaches
Form community partnerships with a wide-range of partners, above and beyond active resident groups.
Increase the department’s accessibility to the residents it serves
Train personnel at every level of the department in best practices in community
policing
Work towards increasing officer buy-in about the benefits of the community
policing philosophy
Prioritize sustained and meaningful commitment by the department’s leadership to
the Community policing philosophy
Integrate community policing activities into performance evaluation systems
Continue to support systematic and standardized problem solving approaches
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Plate 3: Image of case study area
Source: www.vpuu.org
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2.7 Conceptual framework
Figure 3: Conceptual framework
Planning issues on site
Increased number of hotspots
Inaccessible routes
Narrow pathways
Inadequate Street and flash lights
Inadequate police patrol services
Lack of open spaces
Lessons learned from case study
Improved safety of residents in Khayelitsha
Provision of victim support and crime prevention
services
Improved residents’ access to social, recreational, and
commercial facilities
Increased capacity and competence in civil society
organizations, promoting civil society initiative
measures to prevent violence Empowering inhabitants
through employment and income
Conflict resolution
Sustainability via communal service delivery in the
safe node areas
Concept of Active Boxes
Safer pedestrian passageways, through use of
street lighting and paved walkways
Provision of recreational spaces and open
spaces
The design of crime hotspot areas to be of
social interaction and surveillance
Policy, design
guidelines and
standards
Expected outcome
Reduced crime rates Feel of sense and ownership of spaces Economically empowered
settlement
Improved aesthetic Improved accessibility Availability of recreational ground
Improved community policing
Source: Author 2016
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CHAPTER THREE
SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS
3.1 Overview
The chapter provides location context of the project site, site characteristics and the land
use structure, institutions, legal and the financial aspects of the projects.
Situational analysis is the cornerstone of the project planning. The planning of a
development project, or any other type of development intervention starts with an analysis
of the situation. The purpose is to identify the needs, interests, priorities and resources of
the stakeholders to the final beneficiaries and to assess the different possibilities for
improving the situation.
3.2 Location context of the project area
3.2.1 Regional context
Nairobi city where the area of study is located is situated at the southern end of Kenya’s
agricultural heart land.1.190 south of equator and 36.590 east of the meridian. Its altitude
varies between 1,600 and 1850 meters above sea level. The city has an area of
approximately 694 km2.
Map 3: Location of Nairobi within the national context
Source: Internet
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3.2.2 Local context
Deep understanding of the site has been given by an illustration from regional context to
sub-regional and finally to the local context of the site.
The project site is found within Nairobi City County formerly known as Nairobi province.
Gatina/Waruku is in Dagoretti north constituency within Nairobi City County and about
15km southwest of Nairobi CBD. Deliverance road which is within Kawangware connects
Gitanga road on Congo junction to the northwest and Naivasha road to the southeast. It is a
road of total length of approximately 480M.
Map 4:Locational context of the study area
Photo of one
of the
hotspot
Source: Author 2016
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3.2.3 Neighborhood context
The project area borders Kangemi ward to the North West which is also classified as an
informal settlement on the periphery of Nairobi city to the North East is the leafy Suburbs
of Westland while to the south east and east of the project area is the Lavington area. The
two project area are separated by Nairobi River as the main locational boundary. The
Nairobi River flows near the southern part of the project area. The riparian reserve will provide a good green park area and the good breeze for the residents once the project is
completed.
Several residential units are located in the area. They are low lying non-permanent
structures of single rooms characterized by iron sheet roofs and walls, and concrete floors.
Most of the iron sheet units are 10ft by 10ft arranged into communal living of 6-12 units.
According to the structure owners, communal living maximizes on use of space and
improves security.
Lavington is characterized by high security rates same to Westland’s with well-established
street and lighting designs. These neighborhoods are characterized by concept of target
hardening, artificial surveillance and use of security guards at every household’s gates thus
less crime incidences reported even though they are bordering neighbourhoods.
Map 5: Google image of the neighbourhood characteristics
Source: Author 2016
KANGEMI
LAVINGTON
AREA
WESTLAN
DS
WARUKU
GATINA Nairobi River
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3.3 Background of the project area, the project and its historical context
The project area is part Dagoretti North. It is located about 10km from the city center and
can be easily accessed through Waiyaki way. The village began in 1966.The first people to
stay here were workers in the homes of colonial officers who had left Kenya for Britain just
before or a little while after independence. They were either domestic workers or security
personnel who had just left service and were in transit or were searching for other jobs. To
get to Waruku/Gatina, there is an access road to the settlement that is all-weather, from
Waiyaki way. However, once inside the settlement, access is by an earth road and paths to
residential areas. Currently, 60% of the residents of Waruku are involved in small-scale
businesses within the village and in the nearby Kangemi market. The other 40% are either
in the domestic industry or in casual employment or unemployed/housewives.
Majority of residents in informal settlements do not own land. They pay rent just like other
people who don’t own the land, but the difference is that the persons to whom they pay the
rent to do not also legally own the land. The settlement mushroom on unutilized land such
as undeveloped private land, road and riparian reserves, way leaves and unutilized public
land.
3.4 Site analysis
3.4.1 Physical/landscape/topography
The project area has a gentle topography with an altitude that varies between 1619m to
1618m above sea level. Hence the ground slopes towards the Nairobi River as would be
expected. Topography characteristics will influence the design layout and construction of
drainage facilities to avoid accumulation of stagnant water and facilitate easy flow of storm
water. These measures will avert the presence of mosquitoes and other disease-causing
organisms into the project area, especially with the fact that the site handles solid waste.
Construction of drainage facilities in regard to the slope pattern will enhance infiltration of
surface water run-off into the ground, and also allow channeling of water to drain into
Nairobi River.
3.4.2 Geological soil characteristics
The geology and soil characteristics of Nairobi are majorly influenced by volcanic activity.
According to the ministry of Natural Resources, the city of Nairobi has three basic
geological structures. These are: Trachyte, Phonolitic and Mbagathi which contain
numerous closely spaced felsar phenocrysts about an inch long in grey, rather coarse
groundmass containing a little nepheline. The rocks in the project area are phonolites. The
sites soil is mainly loam with clay soils near the river banks. Geology and soil
characteristics will influence and give guidance the construction stage rather than the
planning and design phase.
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3.4.3 Vegetation
Nairobi County having black cotton soil with moderate rainfall makes it favourable for high
growth of vegetation. The area of study has a lot of shrubs, a few trees and natural
vegetation. Also it has planted flowers and hedges (http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp, 2013).
Shrubs and vegetation has been a hide out for criminals and potential offenders in the
estate as they have not been well maintained or trimmed forming bushy grounds which
naturally attract offenders giving them psychological mind of committing crime.
3.4.4 Climate.
The climate of the project area is similar to that of Nairobi city. It has a temperate-tropical
climate.
3.4.4.1 Rainfall
There are usually long rainy periods between April and June, while short rains come in
November and early December. Nairobi has a bimodal rainfall pattern in which the
maximum peak rainfall season occurs in March-April constituting long rains, November –
December constituting short rains. The average annual rainfall is 875mm, varying from
500mm to 800mm. the rainfall pattern will generally influence the design of buildings,
materials to be used, and the drainage system designs among other design elements.
3.4.4.2 Temperature
Nairobi lies close to the equator thus is a relatively warm area. The mean daily temperature
ranges between 12 degrees Celsius to 26 degrees Celsius. It is usually dry and cold between
July and August, but hot and dry in January and February. The period between December
and March are the sunniest and warmest with temperatures in the mid-twenties. The mean
annual temperature is 17.7 degrees Celsius. Nairobi city lies close to the equator but being
1680m above the sea level, it enjoys moderate climate with altitude modified temperature.
These temperature factors will inform the design of buildings on site to ensure that they
are comfortable to users in respect to prevailing temperature and associated effects of
temperature.
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Figure 4: Climate graph for Nairobi, Kenya
Source: htpp://www.climatetemp.info/kenya/Nairobi.html, May 21st, 2016.
3.4.5 Hydrology
The Nairobi River passes near the project area from a neighboring area called Kangemi.
The river is highly polluted as residents use its banks as a dump site, some even dump
inside the river and this causes blockage of the river especially during heavy rains and this
may easily result to flooding. The photo below shows a section of the river polluted.
3.5 Population and demographic characteristics
3.5.1 Population
The development project primarily aims to serve the entire population of Waruku/Gatina
residents which stands at about 23,450 as at the 2009 census. The general adult to children ratio is 1:2, the household size is approximately 4. The ratio of men to women is 3:2 (Taylor
& Maithya, December 2007). Neighboring communities shall also be beneficiaries of this
project in order to maximize the economic dynamics of the project and the environmental
value of the surrounding communities.
The settlement has a number of crime hotspot area concentrated within the settlement that
poses the residents of the two settlement on great risk given that their daily interaction to
access several services within and out of the settlement depend on the number of routes
that they must pass through and the number of unsafe sites that they have no alternative
than passing through them thus end up being victims of crime. Thus this project is to
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ensure that this number of sites have been clearly developed to enhance safety and to
reduce the fear of crime among the residents.
3.5.2 Socio-economic characteristics
Waruku/Gatina area has diverse and vibrant economic activities. Majority of the
population are self -employed where-by they undertake small scale businesses which
include groceries, hotels and shops/kiosks. Most of these businesses take place along the
roads and paths of the settlement for accessibility of customers. A major issue with these
businesses is the informality aspect, which does not guarantee security, and in many cases
little economic gain due to fear of proper investments. The development project is
inevitably going to displace some of these businesses, although in return it will offer
suitable economic opportunities for some of the residents. The recovery of the settlement
from the fear of crime will provide an urge for the residents to actively interact and do
business. These opportunities are going to be secure and reliable. They will contribute in
alleviating the poverty levels and will consequently reduce the vices of unemployment
especially among the youth hence reducing on the levels of crime happenings in the
neighbourhood.
3.5.3 Political and cultural profile
The most dominant ethnic group is the Luhya community, although other tribes also exist
in the area. There are divisions based on ethnic differences although from an economic and
service provision perspective, certain tries dominate certain activities. The Abagusii mostly
dominate in selling vegetables, the Luhya own most hotels, the Kambas and Agikuyu
engage in selling clothes and other small businesses. Ethnicity also influences settlement
because many individuals prefer living close to their own people. The residents have also
formed several community based organizations where the youth and women are dominant.
an example is the Watiti Youth Self Help group, earlier highlighted in the research of this
development project.
In the new constitution several changes have occurred. According to the political system,
the project area is located in Dagoretti North. The elected ward representatives become a
member of the County Assembly, where as the elected constituency official becomes a
member of the National Assembly. In regards to the administrative system, provincial
administrators coordinate national government activities at the grassroots. County
commissioners are appointed to coordinate the county and the sub-county activities.
Commissioners are the constituencies’ administrators. Officers in charge of wards are the
ward coordinators and the chiefs together with their assistants retain their roles.
The project area is also, at a lower level, overseen by two chiefs and assistant chiefs. It has a
village chairman assisted by a chairladies and youth leaders all elected by the public. There
exists a committee comprise of the chairladies, the youth leaders and other members
appointed by the chairperson. The committee doesn’t have salary; hence most of the work
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and responsibility is voluntary. Funds to run the office are contributed by the committee
itself. The chairperson has the following roles:
i. Unofficial land authority- the chairperson supervises transfer of structures’
ownership and control land use by either setting land aside for a specific purpose
that is meant to benefit the community.
ii. Conflict resolution- They resolve land or domestic disputes among community
members.
iii. Maintenance of plans- They ensure standards, especially for roads and drainage, are
maintained.
iv. Management of security through community policing.
v. Mobilizing and sensitizing the community on outreach programs, community
conversations and other awareness campaigns that enhance the capacity and
welfare of the people.
3.6 Land use Analysis
The land use analysis describes those activities within the project area that are likely going
to be affected by implementation of the project. The project area being within an informal
settlement which is comprised of several informal land use activities. Nevertheless, the
activities affect the livelihood of the people and will impact on the development of the
project in one way or another. The plan and design of this project will incorporate those
activities it can, and/or compensate for those it can’t.
Figure 5: Description of all land activities in the project area
LAND USE EFFECT RESIDENTIAL These housing typologies are similar to those described in the
neighborhood context described above. Structure owners and the residents living within the project
area may resist moving and this may cause a negative attitude towards the convenience center.
The project is however a utility that will provide for solid waste management through recycling and compost recovery, and hence safeguard the environment and create environment.
TRANSPORT A pedestrian street, that residents use to access their places of work in the industrial area, cuts through the project area. Implementation of the project will likely affect it negatively: the street maybe closed. Positively, the street may be well constructed to serve the development and the people.
COMMERCIAL Businesses within the project area are also going to be displaced, just like the residential units. Majority of these business typologies are small scale informal ventures that still provide a form of income despite the many risks. Therefore, the project will interfere with these sources of livelihood but
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will compensate by creating employment opportunities that are sustainable and secure.
PUBLIC UTILITY Residents of Waruku/Gatina settlement have their toilets and bathrooms either inside or outside the plots. Those that are outside the plots are located at some central place where a number of people use it. The project may accommodate these facilities into the plan for public use.
Source: Author, 2016
Map 6: Land use map
Source: Author, 2016
3.6.1 Housing
Most of the housing typology in the study area are iron made while few are permanent flat
houses thus the temporary houses make the project easy to relocate the residents for
further development.
Several residential units are located in the area. They are low lying non-permanent
structures of single rooms characterized by iron sheet roofs and walls, and concrete floors.
Most of the iron sheet units are 10ft by 10ft arranged into communal living of 6-12 units.
According to the structure owners, communal living maximizes on use of space and
improves security.
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Map 7: Problem map for the study area
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3.7 Institutional, Legal and Financial issues of the Project Area
The development project site falls under the jurisdiction of the Nairobi City County
Government. The City Council of Nairobi administers the area through zoning and planning
development ordinances.
The Kenya Urban Roads Authority (KURA) manages urban roads of which Deliverance road
falls under this category. The Kenya Alliance of Informal Businesses is charged with the
mandate of articulating the demands of street venders and other informal commerce
operators. In addition, National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA) oversees
all environmental management activities. Other government ministries such as the
Ministry of Devolved Government, Ministry of Transport and the Ministry of Urban
Development play a role in the administration of the project area.
Figure 6: Management structure of the Nairobi City County
Financial: Finances forms the basis of the project in that for it to be implemented it has to
be financially supported even up to its maintenance stage or level. Finances will be lobbied
from city council through revenues collected from commercial activities to ensure proper
lighting and management of access routes as well as open spaces. Donors more so the Non-
Governmental Organizations dealing with human settlements will also be approached to
aid in funding.
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3.8 Critical emerging issues
There is within the site grown vegetation making the part of the estate bushy. This
part has been neglected making it unsafe and dangerous for residents as offenders
get an ample environment to commit their intended acts of crime.
The settlement has a grown plantation of maize hence denoting availability of space
that if well developed and planned residents will gain having a secure environment
free from potential criminal hideouts.
The access route is poor and un-tarmacked. This slows movement bringing
unnecessary inaccessibility which can be done away
Little landscaping has been done along access routes hence lack of appeal
consequently deserted hence insecure especially at night with little surveillance
along the access routes.
Less security lights within the neighbourhood hence a dark access routes at night
making them insecure increasing crime as well as the aspect of fear of crime.
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CHAPTER FOUR
PROJECT PLANNING DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION
4.1 Overview
This chapter focuses on formulating the designs and plans. It will also identify the
alternative plans and designs, their outputs, implications and the implementation
strategies, programmes and the phasing of the projects. It proposes other design
alternatives, their evaluation, plan proposals, drawings and spatial models at various
scales. It also outlines design process stages, development of detailed action plans,
implementation strategies with reference to project objectives as well as its
implementation schedule. Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design principles will
be used in redesigning of residential, streets and open spaces to ensure a secure
neighbourhood layout is attained to help reduce crime as well as fear of crime.
4.2 Planning and design of the project
4.2.1 Expected outputs
Have a sense of identity, to ensure that the neighbourhood is under the influence
and control of the community residing.
A neighbourhood with maximized natural surveillance, as a fundamental means of
discouraging any form of intrusion, with houses orientated towards access points
and route ways to optimize observation.
A green neighbourhood with lighter foliage planting that provides visual
permeability as well as offering amenity screening.
Clear footpaths that avoid constriction and that are clear of hiding places. The
footpaths should be well used, overlooked by nearby dwellings and following a
direct route hence avoiding unnecessary linking footpaths.
A layout that seek to create defensible residential environments, through the
creation of private and semi-private spaces, by seeking to optimize the natural
surveillance available and by restricting ease of access to vulnerable areas.
A neighbourhood with adequate lighting to the access paths, parking areas and with
lighting system situated at a point avoids light spillage onto adjacent dwellings and
light pollution of the night sky.
Communal Space and Play Areas that are Well-defined and with a clear purpose,
avoiding anonymous and uncared for spaces.
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4.2.2 Design Alternatives
These alternatives outline different ideas that can be put in place to ensure a secure
neighborhood.
Issues to be considered coming up with the different ideas;
How effective is the given option?
How best can the options be used to curb the case of insecurity within the
settlement?
How to create access and circulation throughout the neighbourhood?
How to best keep out outsiders to reduce crime and fear of crime?
How to ease pedestrian traffic within the neighbourhood?
How to create active boxes within the hot spot marked areas to reduce crime?
4.2.2.1 Null alternative: Living the situation as it is
The current state of the settlement indicated a high crime with various parts earmarked as
the crime hotspots. The factors which led to crime in this areas called hotspots were
physical factors, social and the institutional factors. Living the settlement untouched
through the principles of CPTED and planning, the crime hot spots will continue to be so
and even others coming up thus the end result will be a damaged socio-economic welfare of
the people of Gatina/Waruku.
4.2.2.2 Alternative one: Creating Active Boxes at the crime hotspot area
The designing out of the crime hotspots based on planning regulations and VPUU concept
will enhance the ease of surveillance as well as the visibility of the site. Well-designed live
units, streets, lighting, pedestrian walkways, recreational grounds and green spaces will
not only create a sense of ownership but also create the aesthetic beauty, safety and
remove target hardening in the settlement by enabling the residents to man their spaces
and places thus reducing on the occurrences of crimes. A clear route ensures ease of
surveillance as well as visibility and ensures paths width that allows for an adequate level
of on-street parking hence free circulation and accessibility into the settlement. The live
units such as the bars and shopping center will create a sense of social interaction thus
creating a social crime prevention platform which highly involves community partnership
which is the core aim of creating Active Boxes.
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Development of proper active boxes will enhance a greater knowledge of architectural
landscaping to complement the built environment and enhance security. The inclusion of
tree planting on the street and ensuring that it does not obscure natural surveillance will
encourage the pedestrian use of the streets at all times thus keep the street and the areas
within he active boxes feel safe always with the reduction in fear of crime through the
CPTED principle of natural surveillance.
Figure 7:Spatial representation of alternative one
Source: Author, 2016
Surveillance and visibility
(‘eyes on the street’): Design
in public spaces to have good
lighting to ensure maximum
public visibility. This can be
seen in picture A that is
Makaburini area.
Image and aesthetics
(dignity): A positive image of a
place can be achieved by
ensuring a ‘human’ scale using
appropriate materials, colours,
landscaping, and lighting to
encourage high levels of public activity.
Defined access,
interaction and
movement: Easy access
and well-defined routes
into, and through, a public
place, help develop a
‘pedestrian’
understanding of that
space and perception of
safety.
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Objectives of the active boxes
To improve safety of the residents
To provide victims support and crime prevention services
To improve the residents access to social, recreational and commercial facilities
To provide sustainability through communal service delivery in the Safe Node area
Advantages
Reduced chances of crime due to proper surveillance as well as visibility along the
walking paths as well as vehicular routes
Clear paths encourage pedestrian use and other activities like off street relaxation
hence an always occupied path discouraging any form of crime
A secure and aesthetically designed and maintained route encourages people to use
them, leave their cars and walk on foot hence contribute to a vibrant neighbourhood
environment.
Disadvantages
The alternative is too expensive to implement due to relocations, landscaping
operation and the high maintenance costs
4.2.2.3 Alternative two: community policing and street design
Safe and attractive routes to popular destinations promote an active lifestyle (Active
Boxes) where people feel comfortable and confident to walk, bike and use public transit. To
improve safety and access throughout the settlement, new developments should provide
direct connections to nearby destinations and consider site features that enhance the
pedestrian environment.
Community-based policing is an organizational strategy to allow the police and the
community to work together to solve problems related to crime in order to improve the
quality of life in the community. The residents’ relationship with the police determines
whether or not residents will report cases of crime or not thus for a proper coordination
between the police and the public, the public should be involved in the planning,
implementing and monitoring the locally defined solutions to their problems, community
safety and the security will improve considerably. The deployment of the community
policing methods can increase trust and the effectiveness of the police in preventing and
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responding to violence and crime. It ensures that no one organization can solve local
security problems but rather it requires partnership, collaboration and joint problem
solving between the police, the community they serve and others.
Figure 8: Spatial representation of the second alternative
Source: Author, 2016
Objectives
To give specific training to police to improve their capacity to implement
community policing
To develop a police patrol point and a community policing facility
To promote linkages between community police and the community groups
especially the youth
To hold regular meetings between the police and community groups in convenient
and safe locations
To establish local civilian oversight and coordination methods
Friendly police
agents work well
with the local which creates a good
relationship and
synergy ideal for
crime prevention
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To establish systems within the police that encourage and reward innovative
practices
To involve the youth in security related matters.
To provide efficient accessibility through provision of designed streets
Advantages
1. It’s cheap to implement
2. It helps build up and strengthen the community through linkage of the police and
the community
3. It reduces fear of crime
4. It enhances accessibility
Disadvantages
Narrow path and alleys makes it difficult to design good streets
It must involve the community or else it will fail
4.2.3 Evaluation of alternatives
Table 1: Evaluation of alternatives
Alternative plan proposal
Advantage Disadvantage
Nil intervention There are no financial implications Increased inaccessibility in the area
Increased crime rates Alternative one: Creating Active Boxes at the crime hotspot area
Crime rates will be reduced Creates a sense of space
ownership Increased community
surveillance Creation of aesthetic beauty and
well-designed streetscape
High cost of infrastructure provision
Needs much land thus it calls for relocation of the residents
Alternative two: Community
policing and street design
Create a synergy between the police and the community for easy flow of information related to crime
Cheap method of crime prevention
Improve the pedestrian experience. Enhanced design shall support pedestrian oriented developments that will facilitate linkage to surrounding.
Streetscape activities will improve visual appearance of the study area
Lack of current police reforms that makes police feared.
Source: Author 2016
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Impacts of the alternatives
The prepared alternative especially alternative one will lead to economic
empowerment. The impacts of the prepared an improved commercial activity. The
shopping center will become an economic hub that will create avenue for
employment opportunities.
The frequent use of the nodes and the interaction or a synergy created between the
people and the police will enhance and increase information flow of crime, help in
planning and implementing of the plans
It will lead to formation of a regulatory framework and enhanced institutional
interaction
The alternatives will improve the environmental quality since the street scape is for
non-motorized
4.2.4 Choice of Preferred Alternative
4.2.4.1 Alternative one: Creating Active Boxes at the crime hotspot area
Well-designed live units, streets, lighting, pedestrian walkways, recreational grounds and
green spaces will not only create a sense of ownership but also create the aesthetic beauty,
safety and remove target hardening in the settlement by enabling the residents to man
their spaces and places thus reducing on the occurrences of crimes. A clear route ensures
ease of surveillance as well as visibility and ensures paths width that allows for an
adequate level of on-street parking hence free circulation and accessibility into the
settlement. The live units such as the bars and shopping center will create a sense of social
interaction thus creating a social crime prevention platform which highly involves
community partnership which is the core aim of creating Active Boxes.
Development of proper active boxes will enhance a greater knowledge of architectural
landscaping to complement the built environment and enhance security. The inclusion of
tree planting on the street and ensuring that it does not obscure natural surveillance will
encourage the pedestrian use.
4.3 Site planning/design process
4.3.1 The research and analysis stage It encompasses the identification the identification of the problem and the objective setting.
This is though the analysis of both the primary and the secondary data which is analyzed.
4.3.2 Synthesis of the design phase
Design concepts established will reflect an understanding of the problem and the
constraints and the proposal of the optimum solutions. The design will entail the design of
roads, provision of friendly pedestrian streetscape, lighting and signage, recreational
facilities and green spaces.
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4.3.3 The evaluation stage
The best alternative for the settlement is chosen which the alternative one is. It will be on
its ability to gain public acceptance, meet the objectives and the financial and the technical
demands.
4.3.4 Implementation stage
It entails devising actual strategies for financing and construction.
Figure 9: Site planning/design process
Source: Author 2016
Figure 10: Spatial representation of the integration of alternative 1 and 2
Source: Author, 2016
4.3.5 Detailed design formulation
The preferred alternative incorporates components such as pedestrian walk ways, well
designed street scape and lighting. Community policing, police patrol station, open and
green spaces, shopping center and street trees.
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4.3.5.1 Proposed streetscape design
Streetscape design for this case has taken into account the streetscape elements which are;
Legibility
The design of each hard urban space must ensure and enhance the legibility of the city.
Legibility is a characteristic whereby a city is easily understood by residents and visitors
and allows them to move about in the city with ease. In legible cities, places that are
important look important and are therefore easily found and differentiated from those less important. Important streets and squares must therefore look important – they must be
surrounded by stately buildings and lined by tall trees, must have wide roadways and
sidewalks, special street furniture and ample light at night
Attractiveness
Hard urban spaces and all streetscape elements within them must be aesthetically pleasing
and this will go handy with the concept of Active boxes which establishes that hard
surfaces should be created.
Liveliness
Hard urban spaces must not function as mere movement and infrastructure corridors.
Depending on their role in a broader urban context, they must be designed as lively spaces
where people can see other people and be seen, where they can meet and interact thus
creating a sense of space ownership and natural surveillance.
Comfort and safety
Each hard urban space must be functional. This means that it must be responsive to the
needs and expectations of all its users, motorized and non-motorized alike. In other words,
it has to be designed and equipped (furnished) for comfort and safety of all: pedestrians,
drivers, strollers, street café patrons
Street lighting
This will be aligned along the access roads into the study area, hotspot areas, entry point
and within the shopping centre for the safety of the area at night which will be in such a
way that the lights will not be blocked and all the aspects of light property taken into
consideration.
Tree planting
Planting of the trees along the streets will enhance the aesthetic o the settlement, soften the
urban street scene, create canopy. Thus well maintained street trees/vegetation will deter
crime as supported by many studies which have found out that well established and tidy
vegetation is associated with decreased crime. This has been proposed by potential
argument of Jacobs (1961) that places with more “eyes on the street have more checks on
dangerous behaviour.
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4.3.5.2 Proposed police patrol and community policing point
This project proposes an integration of the community and the police sector in the
establishment of a policing forum where the general public will share crime related cases
or suspicion to the police without fear for an effective service delivery. According to the
Physical planning handbook 2007 a police station requires a minimum of 3ha, police office
requires 1200m2 while a police post requires 1000m2 thus this project recommends for the
establishment of a police post which will act as a patrol point where at least one police
officer will be stationed to operate at that point permanently and who will be able to liaise
with the residents on matters related to crime.
Figure 11: Proposed community policing
Source: Author 2016
Opportunities for designing
Availability of land for the police post since the land is unoccupied and is part of the
river reserve.
Availability of public land in the area which can serve the purpose of setting up the
community facility.
Challenges
It calls for landscaping which might be costly
Relocation and eviction of people which there might be no alternative land to offer
them
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4.3.5.3 Proposed open and green spaces for recreation
It’s the role of planners to provide for open spaces and green parks within the
neighbourhood according to Physical Planning handbook 2007. For this development
project open space will be established along the river reserve of Nairobi River which is in
the sub-county budget proposal according to the area chief. The green field will be
established along Nairobi river while an open space at Makaburini area to act as active
boxes in deterring crime in those places and providing natural surveillance which is one of
the principles of VPUU.
Parks serve as amenities when they act to decrease crime in their surrounding area. Jacobs
(1961) suggested that parks attract more conventional users and provide better informal
control networks by attracting families and other specific users and activities, including
organized sports, etc. Jacobs (1961) also suggested that well-used parks have enough users
to monitor what is happening. ‘Eyes on street’ help to keep the park and its surrounding
area safe because of the additional guardianship and surveillance (Jacobs, 1961)
Thus the area will be integrated with recreational facilities and amenities such as
playfields, Green Park and open spaces. The open spaces and Green Park will have definite
place in the lives of lots of Waruku/Gatina residents and visitors. It is the place where
people will go to enjoy.
Figure 12: Proposed green spaces and green parks
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4.3.5.4 Proposed shopping center with stalls, bar and Hotel
According to the NCCG, the shopping center building in this type of settlement should have
a setback of 3m where by the canopy should be within the plot and not in the road reserve.
The physical planning (Building and Development Control) Rules, 1998 provides for a
building line of 9m for roads above 18m wide and 6m for the roads between 6m and 18m.
However, if the road is less than 6m, the building line should be the width of that road plus
the difference between 6m and the road
The shopping center stalls and the stall near the police patrol point and to the Bar and
Hotel located in the study area will be constructed with the principle of “Eye on the Street”
to ensure that the concept of natural surveillance in order to increase the threats of
apprehension by taking steps to increase the perception that people can be seen. Natural
surveillance occurs by designing the placement of physical features activities and people in
such a way to maximize visibility and foster positive social interaction among legitimate
users of private and public space. This will be ensured by pacing windows facing sidewalks
and parking lots. The stall will not be whatsoever be used for residential purpose but rater
for commercial purpose in order to act as a live unit of social interaction. The dimensions
will be 2m by 2.4m in accordance to NCCG. The planning and implementation of a shopping
center with affordable stalls will attract more development within the settlement thus
increasing the investment as well as the social interactions of the customers.
According to Physical Planning Handbook (2007), the minimum size for a commercial plot
should be 0.045ha while the plot length versus the width should not be more than 1:3 the
concept of the corner shops at each corner plot is highly discouraged
4.4 Implementation strategies Matrix
An effective spatial development plan to achieve the set goals will require a well-planned
approach which will ensure a successful output to will help in solving out the problem in the area.
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Table 2: Implementation strategies framework
Problem
identified
Objectives Strategy Project Actors
Insecurity on
specific land use
locations
To create active boxes for
a secure settlement
which will mainly focus
on the hotspot areas
Redevelop and
develop the crime hot
spot areas to become
active areas where
community
interactions takes
place and where
people feel safer to be
Prepare an active play
field, stalls, installation
of flashlights, open and
green spaces,
community policing
structure, police patrol
point structure
Local government
National government
NGOs
NCC
Inadequate
accessibility
To design a functional
revitalized
neighbourhood
responsive to insecurity
Provision of
tarmacked access
routes, drainage
systems, commercial
stalls, paved walkways
and open spaces,
signage by the use of CPTED principles
Preparation of street
plans and there
approvals and develop
bulk and support
infrastructure
Development partners
Local government
National government
Ministry of lands,
housing and urban
development
Private sector players
NCC
Inadequate
lighting system
To create street lights
which are pedestrian
friendly and give clear
visual and eye on the street
Provide well lit streets
which will create
liveliness at all times
given that the research also tried to establish
the seasonality of
Preparation of street
light system plans and
the approvals
Development partners
NCC
Private sector players
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crime
Lack of a
management
and
maintenance
team
To prepare a
comprehensive
management system of
the project
Involvement of the of
the key stakeholders
and the community
Appointment of key
members of the
community to take care
of the designed projects
Development partners
NGOs
NCC
Lack of an
implementation,
evaluation and
monitoring
framework
To create an
implementation,
evaluation and
monitoring framework
for the development of
the project
Prepare a
management and
monitoring plan for
the project
Public involvement in
managing and the
maintenance of the
projects
NCC
LOCAL COMMUNITY
Private partners
Development partners
County government
Source: Author 2016
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4.5 Implementation phasing
Phase 1
Various stakeholders are taken into account and mobilized to ensure that implementation
is in order. It will entail community sensitization on the need to re-design a safe and a
secure settlement that will deem it secure and people living free from fear of crime and
violence. The community will be enlightened by professional experts from government
agencies including planners, architects, NGOS, in collaboration with the local security
agents covering the project area and officials from CCN. Consultations with stakeholders
will also be witnessed in this phase.
Phase 2: Issue prioritization
This will entail demolition of current structures for clearance purposes and spatial
planning of the site to ensure a secure and safe neighbourhood determined by the layout.
Landscaping will also be done in this stage to ensure a well layout design that discourages
occurrence of crime as well as possible opportunities for the same. The landscaping
process will be done concurrently with construction of circulation routes and installation of
support services such as drainage systems as well as power lines and waste sites.
Phase 3: The formulation of strategy and implementation
It is the main part of the project and it will involve the construction of active boxes in the
main crime prone areas and a proper street design well paved and well-lit that will
facilitate an ease move in and out of the settlement, the project will also try at making the
site economically active by establishing an active shopping center that operates 24 hours
that will act as an interaction point between the members of the settlement which will act
as a social, situational crime prevention mechanism, proper drainage, signage, pedestrian
friendly streets. The design and the implementation is also articulated at this stage.
Phase 4: Follow up
This is the last phase in which management committee is assembled comprising
stakeholders, experts and residents of the neighbourhood. It also entails monitoring and
evaluation of plans, the programmes and the projects its replication and
institutionalization of the plans.
4.6 Project costing and Resource requirement
The implementation of this will require both resources as well as monetary costs. The table
below provides the estimated costs as human resource for the implementation.
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Table 3: Project costing and human resource requirement
Project activity Cost (KSH) Human resource
Preparation of the site plans
and construction work
guidelines
Physical planners
Architects
Land acquisition and
compensation
Lawyer
Physical planner
Land surveyor
Land clearing, levelling and
construction works
Service persons
Contractors
Construction manager
Physical planner
Layout and provision of
infrastructure work
Civil engineer
Electric engineer
Physical planner
Construction of the
community facility center,
police post, recreational
grounds, shopping center
Physical planner and architect
Project management and
evaluation
Team of consortium
*Costing will be finalized after consultation with the relevant human resource
Source: Author 2016
4.7 Actors, implementation agencies and role of stake-holders
The implementation of the projects in Kenya has faced a major problem since time
memorial up to the decentralized system of governance where a bottom-up approach has been employed. With the devolved system of governance, the general public has been really
taken into consideration given that the decision making process begins from the grassroots
level before major decisions are made by the various stakeholders at different levels. The
merits of effective and proper stakeholders’ involvement and participation speaks volumes
for themselves. The involvement of stakeholders in this project, from its conceptualization
stage through to the implementation, the monitoring and the evaluation are key for a
successful completion of this project. Thus this project will highly involve high stakeholder
participation framework to ensure project ownership, funding, implementation and
monitoring of the project to ensure a transparent, accountable way of ensuring its
sustainability.
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4.7.1 The role of stakeholders
THE NAIROBI CITY COUNTY
The county government is mandated to build and maintain roads below class B as a
devolved function under the Kenyan Constitution
The street lighting is also a key function that is played by the county government. Where by
the plan making has been devolved to the county government where each county is mandated to prepare a CIDP
The county is also mandated to ensure the open spaces and the green parks are utilized in a
manner that is sustainable and does not pose threat to the general public.
It’s also mandated to offer space use [development control] permits to ensure that
development goes handy with the planning regulations
NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATION
The NGOs plays a crucial role in the capacity building resources and mobilization of
persons. They also offer checks and balances through monitoring and evaluating the
projects.
THE LOCAL COMMUNITY
The local community involvement in this project is mandatory given that they know and understand the problem more than the policy and plan makers. The community is entitled
to play the following the roles;
To promote an effective capacity building
To ensure that project sustainability through monitoring and evaluation is carried out
Enhance the ownership of the project by ensuring full participation from the
conception phase to the implementation, management and the maintenance stages
To ensure resource mobilization for a successful implementation of the project
The ministry of Lands, Housing and Urban Development
It will ensure that the proper implementation of the LPDP
Ensure the zonation and planning guidelines and standards are observed in the area
To facilitate the compulsory acquisition of the needed way-leave by work with the National Land commission
Facilitate the formulation of the LPDP TEAM OF PROFESSIONALS
The professional expertise input in this project will be important to translate the local
knowledge and the understanding of the skills most likely to be applied which will involve
the following
They will contribute to the resource mobilization, capacity building and ensure that there is
viability and sustainability of the project.
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CHAPTER FIVE
MONITORING AND EVALUATION
5.1 Overview
Monitoring and evaluation is the process of collecting and analyzing data that is used to
inform one whether you are not on the right track towards achieving set objectives and
whether the project achieved the desired impact. Monitoring and evaluation will enable to
assess the quality and impact of the project, against the action plans. The project will be
monitored once implemented to ensure the project meets the set goals. The process of
monitoring is a continuous process after implementation.
5.2 Technical Issues in monitoring and evaluation of a project
Monitoring and evaluation provides a vital role to planning and decision making. It reviews
the progress of the entire project life thus it minimizes on the negative impacts through the
implementation of the mitigation measures
Impact evaluation is mainly done to determine whether the project had the desired effect
on the individuals, households and the institutions and whether those effects are attributed
to the project. EIA is the major done evaluation process.
The process of evaluation aides in analyzing how projects operates
Cost effective evaluation is important in assessing projects costs in particular their relation
to the alternative uses of the same resources and to the benefits being produced by the
project
Monitoring helps to assess whether the project is being implemented as was planned. It
enables continuous feedback on the status of the project implementation, identifying
specific problems as they arise.
5.3 Indicators of a successful development project
After completion of the project to its implementation certain factors have to be evaluated to
determine whether the objectives of the project have been attained. These critical factors
include: accessibility of the various activity spaces, enhanced level of natural surveillance
to ensure a secure safe neighbourhood.
The following indicators may be used to assess the success of the project:
Strong social fabric brought about by high level user integration
Reduced crime incidences
Improved accessibility
Improved walk ability and clear circulation routes
Adequate infrastructure
Increased aesthetic values
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Increased pedestrian safety
Increased recreational and live units
5.4 Monitoring and evaluation stages
Figure 13: Monitoring and evaluation stages
Source: Author 2016
5.4.1 Hindrances to a successful evaluation process
In-house evaluation conducted by some experts do not convey actual
development results
Inadequate commitment by the stakeholders and the agencies to monitoring
process which leads to delayed implementation process
Limited availability of monitoring and evaluation information, by
coordinators of the project
When the information from the monitoring and evaluation system is not
shared so learning about which reconstruction interventions are effective
does not take place
Data assessment not shared among involved agencies and stakeholders,
causing inconsistencies and excess data collection costs
Poor coordination among the involved agencies and stakeholders hence
prevent data aggregation across the involved sector
5.5 Guidelines for the implementation process
The implementation process will require active involvement/ participation and
partnership between all stakeholders. Participation of the community in the
implementation process will see cost reduced and they will have a sense of ownership. The
project should be for the benefit of the entire community and should not be taken as one
belonging to the national government or county.
Agreement on the outcomes
to monitor and evaluate
Do analysis on the percentage
of achievement of the desired
objectives
Monitor and evaluate the
results
Plan for how to do
improvements of the
outcome
Select the key indicators to
monitor the outcome
Table and report the
findings
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The implementation will be carried out with the guidance of the regulations and laws
provided in chapter 2.
Figure 14: Sustainable implementation process
Source: Author 2016
5.5.1 Working together with the community
This is a key learning from this project and the many such projects referenced as part of
the research conducted as part of this study. By involving a range of interest groups from as
early as the problem definition stage any action has a greater chance of success. Involving
many groups proves to the wider community that dealing with issues of crime prevention
and community safety is not an issue for any single agency. In developing any project for
improvement to streetscapes, lighting, or dealing with crime prevention in a particular area
(like a car park) a multi-agency team will be established in the early days of the project.
5.5.2 Principles that will guide implementation
I. Community awareness to ensure maintenance of the project after they
understand its relevance
II. Involvement of all stakeholders and other relevant partners on what to be
monitored and evaluated early in project management
III. Defining and agreeing with the stakeholders and other relevant partners on
what to be monitored and evaluated early in project management
IV. Expert’s involvement to provide guidance through implementation and even
monitoring and evaluation process
V. Observance of violence prevention through urban upgrading to ensure safe
neighbourhood.
5.6 Site/Environmental management plan
The site upon completion may impact on the environment negatively due to the new
introduced systems and this section addresses how to deal with the situation by use of a
site environmental management plan. Tit shall ensure that environmental parameters are
addressed, their impacts identified and taken into account in the project design process. It
Community
organization
Public sector
Private
sector
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shall provide substantive information on the proposed measures so as to enable a proper
assessment
Table 4: Impact management plan
Environmental impact Activity Mitigation measures
Generation of the
construction waste
Site clearance and
construction
Making available suitable
facilities for the collection,
segregation and safe
disposal of wastes
Fill any depression to bring
about leveling to promote
landscaping
Loss of Flora Site clearance through
removal of vegetation
Appropriate planting of
trees and flowers
incorporated in design
stage to protect buildings
and boos boundary safety
Noise Site clearance and
construction
Buffering of the site using
iron sheets by the process
known as screening
Using equipment with noise
suppressing technologies
Proving ear plugs
Dust nuisance Site clearance and
construction
Ground watering and
screening
Emission of Air pollutants Use of fossil fuel engines,
vehicle, generators and
water pumps
Using clean fuels such as de-
sulphurized diesel and
unleaded fuels.
Use of filtering masks
Source: Author 2016
5.6.1 Relevance of Environmental Impact Management Plan
It ensures environmental conservation enabling a balance between the proposed
development project and the ecosystem
It provides monitoring indicators for the project’s environmental performance
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It ensures safety within the project, within the construction and operational phases
It ensures the laborers are free from health risks
It ensures aesthetics of the environment is preserved
Main activities that will be associated with the neighbourhood construction includes the
following;
Establishment of a construction camp
Earthworks
Recruitment of labour force
Construction of the access routes
Transportation of construction materials and equipment
Construction of a temporal accommodation
Material extraction
Crushing and screening of the materials
Construction of the drainage structure e.g. culverts
Pavement construction
Construction of the erosion protection works
Landscaping
Upon the completion of the project other works will come up during post construction and
during the life span of the project and this will involve routine maintenance and periodic
inspection of the progress of the project in relation to the set objectives and identified
evaluation issues.
5.7 Contribution of the Development project to planning profession in Kenya
Insecurity has been on the rise in Kenya and the nature of the built environment is the
main contributor to this among others. Recently developments before their approvals have
its effects on security levels assessed alongside environmental impact assessment. This is
done to ensure a safe and secure environment to the residents and users as well. Current
trends of insecurity within Kenya’s urban informal settlements calls for planning
interventions in the design stage of any development project to ensure that the
environment limits opportunities for committing crimes as well as reducing fear of crime.
Security levels has a direct effect on the economy as it may encourage or discourage
potential investors on fear of vandalism as well as falling victims of insecurity hence there
is need to ensure a safe and secure neighbourhood through planning designs as its
contributes to improvement of the Kenyan economy.
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