Download - Database Environment
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Database Environment
Chapter 2
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Data Independence
Sometimes the way data are physically organized depends on the requirements of the application .
Result: it is impossible to change the storage structure without
affecting the application this is typically a problem introduced by the file handling
software , and not by the problem to solve
Data independence is needed because :different applications need different views on the same data the database administrator must have the freedom to change
the storage structure, file organization and access strategy
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Definition of Data Independence
Data independence is the independence of data and applications.
data structures can be modified without affecting applications
applications can be modified without affecting other applications
A possibility to achieve this:Three level database architecture
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Three level database architecture
Conceptual level: Reflects the community user view
External level: Reflects the user view
Internal level: Close to the physical storage
It is a framework describing general concepts
not all database systems follow this architecture
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ANSI-SPARC and CODASYLThree-level Architecture
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ANSI-SPARC three-level Architecture
Reasons for this architecture
user should have access to the same data , but have a customized view of the data
users should not have to deal directly with physical database storage details
the DBA should be able to change the database storage structure without affecting the users’ view
DBA should be able to change the conceptual or global structure of the database without affecting all users
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External Level
The user’s view of the database.
This level describes that part of the database that is relevant to a particular user or group of users
number of different external views familiar to or efficient for the user part of the database can be hidden for certain users different presentations of the same data (e.g. dates) can include derived or calculated data, not stored
in the database
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Conceptual Level
The community view of the database.
This level describes what data is stored in the database and the relationships among the data.
Logical structure of the entire database as seen by the DBA, independent of any storage considerationsall entities, attributes and relationshipsconstraints on the datasemantic information about the datasecurity and integrity information
Supports all external views
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Internal LevelThe physical representation of the database on the computer. This level describes how the data is stored in the database.
to achieve optimal run-time performance and storage space utilization
data structures and storage devices file organization, indexes, … general aspects
storage space allocation for data and indexes record description for storage record placementdata compression and data encryption techniques
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Differences between Three Levels of ANSI-SPARC Architecture
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Data Independence
Logical Data Independence.
Refers to immunity of external schemas to changes in conceptual schema.
Conceptual schema changes e.g. addition/removal of entities.
Should not require changes to external schema or rewrites of application programs.
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Data Independence
Physical Data Independence
Refers to immunity of conceptual schema to changes in the internal schema.
Internal schema changes e.g. using different file organizations, storage structures/devices.
Should not require change to conceptual or external schemas.
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Data Independence and the ANSI-SPARC Three-level Architecture
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Database Languages
Data Definition Language (DDL)
Allows DBA or user to describe and name entitles, attributes and relationships required for the application.
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Database Languages
Data Manipulation Language (DML)
Provides basic data manipulation operations on data held in the database.
Procedural DML - allows user to tell system exactly how to manipulate data.
Non-Procedural DML - allows user to state what data is needed rather than how it is to be retrieved.
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Database Languages
Fourth Generation Language (4GL)
Query Languages
Forms Generators
Report Generators
Graphics Generators
Application Generators
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Host Language
Program
DML-statements
ProceduralLanguagee.g. Pascalincluding DML-statements
Pre-compiler
CompiledDML
module
Program
Call-statements
3GLCompiler
Object-code
Call
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Data Model
Collection of concepts for describing data, relationships between data and constraints on the data in an organization.
Data Model comprises:A structural part.A manipulative part.Possibly a set of integrity rules.
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Conceptual modeling
The process of developing a conceptual data model that is
a complete and accurate representation of an organization's data requirements.
independent of implementation details.
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Functions of a DBMS
Data Storage, Retrieval and Update.
Must furnish users with the ability to store, retrieve, and update data in the database.
A User-Accessible Catalog.
Must furnish a catalog in which descriptions of data items are stored and which is accessible to users.
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Functions of a DBMS
Transaction SupportMust furnish a mechanism to ensure that either all
the updates corresponding to a given transaction are made or that none of them are made.
Concurrency Control ServicesMust furnish a mechanism to ensure that database
is updated correctly when multiple users are updating the database concurrently.
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Functions of a DBMS
Recovery ServicesMust furnish a mechanism for recovering the
database in the event that the database is damaged in any way.
Authorization ServicesMust furnish a mechanism to ensure that only
authorized users can access the database.
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Functions of a DBMS
Support for Data CommunicationMust be capable of integrating with communication
software.
Integrity ServicesMust furnish a means to ensure that both the data in
the database and changes to the data follow certain rules.
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Functions of a DBMS
Services to Promote Data IndependenceMust include facilities to support the independence
of programs from the actual structure of the database.
Utility ServicesShould provide a set of utility services.
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Components of a DBMS
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Components of a DBMS
Query processor
Database manager (DM)
File manager
DML preprocessor
DDL compiler
Catalog manager
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Components of Database Manager (DM)
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Components of Database Manager (DM) Authorization control
Command processor
Integrity checker
Query optimizer
Transaction manager
Scheduler
Recovery manager
Buffer manager
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The Catalog Catalog, meta-data, data dictionary, repository
names, types and sizes of data itemsnames of relationships integrity constraints on the dataauthorizationsusage statisticsschema mappings
Benefitscentrally stored meta-datasimpler communication identification of redundancy and inconsistencychanges to the database can be recorded and followed-up security can be enforced integrity can be ensuredaudit information can be provided