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Dealing with Deer Impacts and Damage to Crops in NYS
Dr. Paul D. CurtisDepartment of Natural Resources
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
Dealing with Deer Impacts and Suburban Damage in New York
Collaborative Deer Management Outreach Initiative
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Problems Caused by Deer Overpopulation
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150+ Human Fatalities per year
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Ways to Reduce DRVAs
• Education for motorists is important• Use extra caution while driving during Oct., Nov., and
Dec.• Be careful when driving at dawn or dusk• Note areas with deer crossing signs and places where
deer cross roads• Scan the roadsides for eye reflections• Manage herd density where possible
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Seasonal Trends in DVCs
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Bells and Whistles…Don’t Work!
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Black-legged (‘Deer’) TickIxodes scapularis
Male and female
Nymph
Larva
Iowa State Univ.
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Lone Star TickAmblyomma americanum
Male
Female
Nymph & larvae
• Birds• Mammals
1st documented Long Is (Montauk) 1971 (Good 1973)1st documented Fire Is.1988 (Ginsburg et al. 2002)
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Pathogens, Hosts, Vectors, ReservoirsPathogen Disease Tick
VectorReservoir
E. chaffeensis HME(Erlichiosis)
Lone star deer
A. phagocytophilum HGE(Anaplasmosis)
BL,Am. dog
deer, small mammals(w-f mouse)
B. burgdorferi Lyme(Borreliosis)
BL rodents
B. microti Babesiosis BL w-f mouse, rodents
Bartonella spp. Bartonella BL? rodents, cats, cattle, dogs
Clin Microbiol Rev. 2000 Jul;13(3):428-38Emerging Inf. Diseases CDC Mar 2010 16(3)J Clin Microbiol ,Aug.1992,p.2097-2103http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/book/welcome.htm
BL = blacklegged (deer) tick
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2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 20090
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
Lyme Disease Figures Reported to CDC:New York State
Source: http://www.cdc.gov/lyme/stats/chartstables/reportedcases_statelocality.html
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Managing Lyme Disease
• Direct reductions in deer densities (??)
• Fencing to exclude deer from sensitive areas (parks, playgrounds, etc.)
• Self-application of acaricides to deer via 4-Poster Device (only on LI)
• Landscaping changes
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Create a Tick-Safe Zone
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Deer Management Toolbox
No Population Control• Hands-off
• Damage control
repellents
fencing
• Feeding illegal
Population Control
Lethal methods• Predator introduction
• Capture and kill
• Bait and shoot
• Traditional hunting
• Controlled hunting
• Commercial hunting??
Non-lethal methods
• Habitat alteration
• Capture and relocation
• Fertility control
transient
permanent
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Deer Population Reductions
• Recreational hunting• Deer Damage Permits• DMAP Permits• Special urban deer permits
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Fertility Control
• Experimental• Theoretically possible
• Rose petal hypothesis• Unproven in the field
• Biologically feasible?• Economically practical?
• Females only• Limited scale• Maintenance required
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IPM
Plant selection
Populationmanagement
Fencing Repellents
Management Options
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Factors Influencing Deer Feeding Pressure
• Deer population density• Food and cover sources• Travel corridors• Alternative foods• Season and weather• Deer nutrition• Plant palatability and
nutrients• Previous experience
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Reducing Plant Damage
• Repellents may work when deer pressure and damage is light
• Fencing provides reliable control when deer damage is moderate to heavy
• Manage herd density • Choose plants that are less attractive to deer if possible
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Commercial Deer Repellents
• BGR Deer-Away• Hinder• Deer-Off• Chew-Not• Bonide Rabbit/Deer Repellent• Hot Sauce Repellent• Tree Guard• Spotrete-F
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Deer Exclusion Alternatives
• 8-foot barrier fences• Individual plant protection• Electric fences
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Baited Electric Deer Fence
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Northeastern Woody Ornamentals Rarely Damaged by Deer
Paper BirchCommon BoxwoodRussian OliveAmerican HollyDrooping LeucothoeColorado Blue SpruceJapanese Pieris
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Northeastern Woody Ornamentals Frequently Severely Damaged
Balsam fir RhododendronsFrasier fir Evergreen azaleasEnglish ivy Pinxterbloom azaleaNorway maple European mountain ashEastern Redbud YewsAtlantic white cedar American arborvitaeClematis Hybrid tea roseCornelian dogwood Winter creeperWinged Euonymus CherriesApples Plums
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Bulb Varieties in the Trial• Narcissus- Carlton, Ice Follies, Tete a Tete, Minnow • Hyacinth- Pink Pearl, Carnegie• Crocus- Pickwick• Allium- Caruleum, Christophi, Sphaerocephalon, Ivory Queen, Purple
Sensation, Neapolitanum• Iris- Buchaica, Blue Diamond, Reticulata JS Dyt and Pauline• Fritillaria- Imperalis Rubra Max, Persica• Colchicum- The Giant• Chionodoxa- Forbesii• Galanthus- Nivalis Single• Camassia- Leigh Coer• Arum- Italicum• Muscari- Armeniacum• Scilla- Siberica• Tulips- Turkestanica, Tarda Dasystemon, Apeldoorm, Monte Carlo
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Deer Damage by Bulb Genus
151413121110987654321
1.0
0.5
0.0
Genus
Me
an
of
Da
ma
ge
1 Hyacinth2 Tulip3 Narcissus4 Crocus5 Iris “Blue D”6 Allium7 Arum8 Camassia9 Chionodoxa10 Colchicum11 Fritillaria12 Galanthus13 Iris14 Muscari15 Scilla
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• Exclusion provides the best long-term deer control
• Repellents provide limited short-term control
• Choose ornamental plants carefully to reduce damage
• Scare devices are usually ineffective
• Hunting of female deer should be encouraged where possible to lower impacts
Urban Deer Management Summary
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For More Informationhttp://wildlifecontrol.info
For PDF files and fact sheets