![Page 1: Default mode speaker Stuart Hameroff MD Professor, Anesthesiology and Psychology Director, Center for Consciousness Studies The University of Arizona,](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102900/55146144550346494e8b5935/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Default mode speaker
Stuart Hameroff MDProfessor, Anesthesiology and PsychologyDirector, Center for Consciousness StudiesThe University of Arizona, Tucson Arizona
www.quantumconsciousness.org
![Page 2: Default mode speaker Stuart Hameroff MD Professor, Anesthesiology and Psychology Director, Center for Consciousness Studies The University of Arizona,](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102900/55146144550346494e8b5935/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
“Whilst part of what we perceive comes though our senses from the object before us, another part (and it may be the larger part) always comes out of own head.”
William James, 1890
![Page 3: Default mode speaker Stuart Hameroff MD Professor, Anesthesiology and Psychology Director, Center for Consciousness Studies The University of Arizona,](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102900/55146144550346494e8b5935/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Consciousness
Lighting
Irony
ScriptStory
Costumes
Actors
Props
Cartesian Theater
Stage
For Des For Descartes, content of consciousness li like a like a play on stage
The ‘Cartesian Theater’
![Page 4: Default mode speaker Stuart Hameroff MD Professor, Anesthesiology and Psychology Director, Center for Consciousness Studies The University of Arizona,](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102900/55146144550346494e8b5935/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Logic
TopDown
Inputs
Memory
Data
Global Workspace(computers)
GlobalWorkspace
Consciousness
Simon and Newell developed similar brain/mind computer architectures
CPU
![Page 5: Default mode speaker Stuart Hameroff MD Professor, Anesthesiology and Psychology Director, Center for Consciousness Studies The University of Arizona,](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102900/55146144550346494e8b5935/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Consciousness
ExecutiveCortex
Sensory Inputs
Emotions
Memory
Thalamo-corticalProjections
Cortex
Thalamus
Baars, Edelman/Tononi, Changeux/ Dehaene, Crick/Koch cast thalamo-cortical oscillations, recurrence, global workspace broadcasting……
Based on hierarchical sensory stimuli, arousal, response - bottom-up, top-down,feed-forward, feedback..
![Page 6: Default mode speaker Stuart Hameroff MD Professor, Anesthesiology and Psychology Director, Center for Consciousness Studies The University of Arizona,](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102900/55146144550346494e8b5935/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
PET, fMRI show reduced metabolism, blood flow in thalamo-cortical hierarchical arousal pathways with anesthesia and loss of consciousness – a ‘thalamo-cortical switch’ (Alkire)
![Page 7: Default mode speaker Stuart Hameroff MD Professor, Anesthesiology and Psychology Director, Center for Consciousness Studies The University of Arizona,](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102900/55146144550346494e8b5935/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
In neuroscience, consciousness has been viewed in the context of sensory processing and response, i.e. attention-based tasks
But what about mental states without sensory inputs?
What about task-free, stimulus-independent thought, internally-generated states, mind wandering, episodic memory, meditation, daydreaming?
![Page 8: Default mode speaker Stuart Hameroff MD Professor, Anesthesiology and Psychology Director, Center for Consciousness Studies The University of Arizona,](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102900/55146144550346494e8b5935/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
The Brain's Dark Energy/Default mode networks Raichle (2006) Science 314: 1249 – 1250, 2006)
![Page 9: Default mode speaker Stuart Hameroff MD Professor, Anesthesiology and Psychology Director, Center for Consciousness Studies The University of Arizona,](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102900/55146144550346494e8b5935/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Copyright restrictions may apply.
Carhart-Harris, R. L. et al. Brain 2010 133:1265-1283; doi:10.1093/brain/awq010
DMN regions in orangeMTL: Medial temporal lobemPFC: Medial prefrontal cortex PCC: Posterior cingulate cortexpIPL: Posterior inferior parietal
![Page 10: Default mode speaker Stuart Hameroff MD Professor, Anesthesiology and Psychology Director, Center for Consciousness Studies The University of Arizona,](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102900/55146144550346494e8b5935/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Raichle M E et al. PNAS 2001;98:676-682
©2001 by The National Academy of Sciences
Brain regions regularly observed to decrease activity during attention demanding cognitive tasks
![Page 11: Default mode speaker Stuart Hameroff MD Professor, Anesthesiology and Psychology Director, Center for Consciousness Studies The University of Arizona,](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102900/55146144550346494e8b5935/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Axial (A) and coronal (B) images showing default-mode network for healthy young subjects. Green arrows highlight coactivation in hippocampus and entorhinal cortex.
![Page 12: Default mode speaker Stuart Hameroff MD Professor, Anesthesiology and Psychology Director, Center for Consciousness Studies The University of Arizona,](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102900/55146144550346494e8b5935/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Axial (A) and coronal (B) images showing default-mode network for healthy young subjects. Green arrows highlight coactivation in hippocampus and entorhinal cortex.
![Page 13: Default mode speaker Stuart Hameroff MD Professor, Anesthesiology and Psychology Director, Center for Consciousness Studies The University of Arizona,](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102900/55146144550346494e8b5935/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Default-mode networks:healthy elderly
Default modenetworks:Alzheimers
![Page 14: Default mode speaker Stuart Hameroff MD Professor, Anesthesiology and Psychology Director, Center for Consciousness Studies The University of Arizona,](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102900/55146144550346494e8b5935/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
![Page 15: Default mode speaker Stuart Hameroff MD Professor, Anesthesiology and Psychology Director, Center for Consciousness Studies The University of Arizona,](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102900/55146144550346494e8b5935/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
![Page 16: Default mode speaker Stuart Hameroff MD Professor, Anesthesiology and Psychology Director, Center for Consciousness Studies The University of Arizona,](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102900/55146144550346494e8b5935/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Default mode network activity is one type of intrinsic neuronal activity which was considered noise, until brain-wide correlations in the ‘noise’ were discovered (? Israel)
DMN activities require 95% of the energy required for thalamo-cortical sensory processes
what about internally-generated mental states without sensory inputs?Stimulus-independent thought, e.g. meditation, daydreaming, mind wandering?
![Page 17: Default mode speaker Stuart Hameroff MD Professor, Anesthesiology and Psychology Director, Center for Consciousness Studies The University of Arizona,](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102900/55146144550346494e8b5935/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
The brain operates in two distinct modes –
1) Attention-based sensory processing, task performance (Thalamo-cortical)
2) Mindwandering, episodic memory, internally-generated states daydreaming, thinking…? (Default mode networks)
![Page 18: Default mode speaker Stuart Hameroff MD Professor, Anesthesiology and Psychology Director, Center for Consciousness Studies The University of Arizona,](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102900/55146144550346494e8b5935/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Default mode networks:
Episodic memory Thinking about consciousness Introspection Meditation Self-referential thought Creativity Daydreaming Jamesian fringe Mind wandering Freudian Id Envisioning the future Anesthesia Gauging others’ perspective SleepContext/filling in
![Page 19: Default mode speaker Stuart Hameroff MD Professor, Anesthesiology and Psychology Director, Center for Consciousness Studies The University of Arizona,](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102900/55146144550346494e8b5935/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Default mode networks:
Diminished in Alzheimers, autism?
Overactive in schizophrenia, anxiety, OCD?
![Page 20: Default mode speaker Stuart Hameroff MD Professor, Anesthesiology and Psychology Director, Center for Consciousness Studies The University of Arizona,](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102900/55146144550346494e8b5935/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
The brain operates in two distinct modes –
1) Attention-based sensory processing, task performance (Thalamo-cortical)
2) Mindwandering, episodic memory, internally-generated states daydreaming, thinking…? (Default mode networks)
![Page 21: Default mode speaker Stuart Hameroff MD Professor, Anesthesiology and Psychology Director, Center for Consciousness Studies The University of Arizona,](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102900/55146144550346494e8b5935/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
The brain operates in two distinct modes –
1) Attention-based sensory processing, task performance (Thalamo-cortical)
2) Mindwandering, episodic memory, internally-generated states daydreaming, thinking…? (Default mode networks)
and flips back and forth between the two on the order of roughly 10 seconds ‘Anticorrelated networks’ (Raichle)
![Page 22: Default mode speaker Stuart Hameroff MD Professor, Anesthesiology and Psychology Director, Center for Consciousness Studies The University of Arizona,](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102900/55146144550346494e8b5935/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
The Global Signal and Observed Anticorrelated Resting State Brain NetworksMD Fox, D Zhang, AZ Snyder and ME RaichleJ Neurophysiol 101: 3270-3283, 2009
![Page 23: Default mode speaker Stuart Hameroff MD Professor, Anesthesiology and Psychology Director, Center for Consciousness Studies The University of Arizona,](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102900/55146144550346494e8b5935/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Questions:
1) How does switching between sensory/attention/task and mindwandering/default modes occur?
Locus coeruleus ? (UCSB group)based on saliency of sensory input?
what about internally-generated mental states without sensory inputs?Stimulus-independent thought, e.g. meditation, daydreaming, mind wandering?
![Page 24: Default mode speaker Stuart Hameroff MD Professor, Anesthesiology and Psychology Director, Center for Consciousness Studies The University of Arizona,](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102900/55146144550346494e8b5935/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Questions:
2) What is/are the function(s) of default mode network activity?
Raichle: Synchrony and orchestration
what about internally-generated mental states without sensory inputs?Stimulus-independent thought, e.g. meditation, daydreaming, mind wandering?
![Page 25: Default mode speaker Stuart Hameroff MD Professor, Anesthesiology and Psychology Director, Center for Consciousness Studies The University of Arizona,](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102900/55146144550346494e8b5935/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
“Default mode networks synchronize all parts of the brain, so like racers in a track competition, they are all in a proper ‘set mode’ when the starting gun goes off.” Raichle 2010
![Page 26: Default mode speaker Stuart Hameroff MD Professor, Anesthesiology and Psychology Director, Center for Consciousness Studies The University of Arizona,](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102900/55146144550346494e8b5935/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
“Orchestrator of The Self : The DMN is thought to behave something like an orchestra conductor, issuing timing signals, much as a conductor waves a baton, to coordinate activity among different brain regions. This cuing—among the visual and auditory parts of the cortex, for instance—probably ensures thatall regions of the brain are ready to react in concert to stimuli.” Raichle, 2010
![Page 27: Default mode speaker Stuart Hameroff MD Professor, Anesthesiology and Psychology Director, Center for Consciousness Studies The University of Arizona,](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102900/55146144550346494e8b5935/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Steve Lehar
![Page 28: Default mode speaker Stuart Hameroff MD Professor, Anesthesiology and Psychology Director, Center for Consciousness Studies The University of Arizona,](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102900/55146144550346494e8b5935/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Questions:
3) What about consciousness? What does default mode network activity tell us about consciousness?
Thalamo-cortical sensory processing and behavior can be either conscious, or non-conscious
Default mode network activity can either be conscious, or non-conscious
what about internally-generated mental states without sensory inputs?Stimulus-independent thought, e.g. meditation, daydreaming, mind wandering?
![Page 29: Default mode speaker Stuart Hameroff MD Professor, Anesthesiology and Psychology Director, Center for Consciousness Studies The University of Arizona,](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102900/55146144550346494e8b5935/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Thalamo-cortical processing (driving to work) can be either conscious or non-conscious (‘auto-pilot’, zombie mode) with daydreaming, mindwandering
what about internally-generated mental states without sensory inputs?Stimulus-independent thought, e.g. meditation, daydreaming, mind wandering?
![Page 30: Default mode speaker Stuart Hameroff MD Professor, Anesthesiology and Psychology Director, Center for Consciousness Studies The University of Arizona,](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102900/55146144550346494e8b5935/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Default mode network activity can either be conscious (daydreaming about vacation on the beach)….
what about internally-generated mental states without sensory inputs?Stimulus-independent thought, e.g. meditation, daydreaming, mind wandering?
![Page 31: Default mode speaker Stuart Hameroff MD Professor, Anesthesiology and Psychology Director, Center for Consciousness Studies The University of Arizona,](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102900/55146144550346494e8b5935/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Default mode network activity can either be conscious (daydreaming about vacation on the beach) or non-conscious (tough day ahead at work, send impulses to small bowel, tighten sphincters…..)
what about internally-generated mental states without sensory inputs?Stimulus-independent thought, e.g. meditation, daydreaming, mind wandering?
![Page 32: Default mode speaker Stuart Hameroff MD Professor, Anesthesiology and Psychology Director, Center for Consciousness Studies The University of Arizona,](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102900/55146144550346494e8b5935/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Activity supporting consciousness switches between
1) Thalamo-cortical input-driven processing and 2) Default mode network activity
what about internally-generated mental states without sensory inputs?Stimulus-independent thought, e.g. meditation, daydreaming, mind wandering?
![Page 33: Default mode speaker Stuart Hameroff MD Professor, Anesthesiology and Psychology Director, Center for Consciousness Studies The University of Arizona,](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102900/55146144550346494e8b5935/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Consciousness switches between
1) Thalamo-cortical input-driven processing and 2) Default mode network activity
Thalamo-cortical activity is hierarchical, but how is default mode network activity mediated? Self-organized?
what about internally-generated mental states without sensory inputs?Stimulus-independent thought, e.g. meditation, daydreaming, mind wandering?
![Page 34: Default mode speaker Stuart Hameroff MD Professor, Anesthesiology and Psychology Director, Center for Consciousness Studies The University of Arizona,](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102900/55146144550346494e8b5935/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Consciousness switches between
1) Thalamo-cortical input-driven processing and 2) Default mode network activity
Could consciousness involve some self-organizing neuronal process moving between the two modes?
what about internally-generated mental states without sensory inputs?Stimulus-independent thought, e.g. meditation, daydreaming, mind wandering?
![Page 35: Default mode speaker Stuart Hameroff MD Professor, Anesthesiology and Psychology Director, Center for Consciousness Studies The University of Arizona,](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102900/55146144550346494e8b5935/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Consciousness switches between
1) Thalamo-cortical input-driven processing and 2) Default mode network activity
Could consciousness involve some self-organizing neuronal process moving between the two modes?
What distinguishes conscious from non-conscious brain activity?
what about internally-generated mental states without sensory inputs?Stimulus-independent thought, e.g. meditation, daydreaming, mind wandering?
![Page 36: Default mode speaker Stuart Hameroff MD Professor, Anesthesiology and Psychology Director, Center for Consciousness Studies The University of Arizona,](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102900/55146144550346494e8b5935/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
The best neurophysiological correlate of consciousness (NCC) comes from EEG, voltage fluctuations recorded from scalp or brain surface.
EEG is divided into frequency bands:
Delta (< 4 Hz)Theta (4 to 8 Hz)Alpha (8 to 12 Hz)Beta (13 to 30 Hz) Gamma (> 30 Hz)
Coherence in gamma synchronyamong different brain regions is the best correlate of consciousness
![Page 37: Default mode speaker Stuart Hameroff MD Professor, Anesthesiology and Psychology Director, Center for Consciousness Studies The University of Arizona,](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102900/55146144550346494e8b5935/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Gap junction-mediated gamma synchrony in olfactory bulb cortex correlates with conscious smell
.
J Neuroscience. 26(8):2269-77, 2006
Neuron46(5):761-72, 2005
BING!!
![Page 38: Default mode speaker Stuart Hameroff MD Professor, Anesthesiology and Psychology Director, Center for Consciousness Studies The University of Arizona,](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102900/55146144550346494e8b5935/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Neuroscience. 159(4):1257-63, 2009
Brain Research. 1156:46-58, 2007
Conscious feelings of pleasure, sex and reward correlate with gap junction-mediated gamma synchrony in dopaminergic nucleus accumbens
BING!!
![Page 39: Default mode speaker Stuart Hameroff MD Professor, Anesthesiology and Psychology Director, Center for Consciousness Studies The University of Arizona,](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102900/55146144550346494e8b5935/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
EEG measures post-synapticdendritic activity(not axonal firings)
![Page 40: Default mode speaker Stuart Hameroff MD Professor, Anesthesiology and Psychology Director, Center for Consciousness Studies The University of Arizona,](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102900/55146144550346494e8b5935/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Biological brain neuron
McCulloch-Pitts artificial neuron, Perceptron
Toy neuron
![Page 41: Default mode speaker Stuart Hameroff MD Professor, Anesthesiology and Psychology Director, Center for Consciousness Studies The University of Arizona,](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102900/55146144550346494e8b5935/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Integrate
![Page 42: Default mode speaker Stuart Hameroff MD Professor, Anesthesiology and Psychology Director, Center for Consciousness Studies The University of Arizona,](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102900/55146144550346494e8b5935/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Fire
![Page 43: Default mode speaker Stuart Hameroff MD Professor, Anesthesiology and Psychology Director, Center for Consciousness Studies The University of Arizona,](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102900/55146144550346494e8b5935/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Integrate
![Page 44: Default mode speaker Stuart Hameroff MD Professor, Anesthesiology and Psychology Director, Center for Consciousness Studies The University of Arizona,](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102900/55146144550346494e8b5935/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Fire
![Page 45: Default mode speaker Stuart Hameroff MD Professor, Anesthesiology and Psychology Director, Center for Consciousness Studies The University of Arizona,](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102900/55146144550346494e8b5935/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
![Page 46: Default mode speaker Stuart Hameroff MD Professor, Anesthesiology and Psychology Director, Center for Consciousness Studies The University of Arizona,](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102900/55146144550346494e8b5935/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
![Page 47: Default mode speaker Stuart Hameroff MD Professor, Anesthesiology and Psychology Director, Center for Consciousness Studies The University of Arizona,](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102900/55146144550346494e8b5935/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
![Page 48: Default mode speaker Stuart Hameroff MD Professor, Anesthesiology and Psychology Director, Center for Consciousness Studies The University of Arizona,](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102900/55146144550346494e8b5935/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
B I N G ! !
![Page 49: Default mode speaker Stuart Hameroff MD Professor, Anesthesiology and Psychology Director, Center for Consciousness Studies The University of Arizona,](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102900/55146144550346494e8b5935/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
BING!! BING!!
![Page 50: Default mode speaker Stuart Hameroff MD Professor, Anesthesiology and Psychology Director, Center for Consciousness Studies The University of Arizona,](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102900/55146144550346494e8b5935/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
B I N G ! !
![Page 51: Default mode speaker Stuart Hameroff MD Professor, Anesthesiology and Psychology Director, Center for Consciousness Studies The University of Arizona,](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102900/55146144550346494e8b5935/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
The “conscious pilot”—dendritic synchrony moves through the brain to mediate consciousness. Journal of Biological Physics, 36:1 January, 2010DOI: 10.1007/s10867-009-9148-x
![Page 52: Default mode speaker Stuart Hameroff MD Professor, Anesthesiology and Psychology Director, Center for Consciousness Studies The University of Arizona,](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102900/55146144550346494e8b5935/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Conclusions - Raichle work implies
The brain switches between sensory-driven and (self-organizing) internally-driven modes
what about internally-generated mental states without sensory inputs?Stimulus-independent thought, e.g. meditation, daydreaming, mind wandering?
![Page 53: Default mode speaker Stuart Hameroff MD Professor, Anesthesiology and Psychology Director, Center for Consciousness Studies The University of Arizona,](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102900/55146144550346494e8b5935/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Conclusions - Raichle work implies
Consciousness switches between sensory-driven and (self-organizing) internally-driven modes
what about internally-generated mental states without sensory inputs?Stimulus-independent thought, e.g. meditation, daydreaming, mind wandering?
![Page 54: Default mode speaker Stuart Hameroff MD Professor, Anesthesiology and Psychology Director, Center for Consciousness Studies The University of Arizona,](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102900/55146144550346494e8b5935/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Conclusions - Raichle work implies
Consciousness switches between sensory-driven and (self-organizing) internally-driven modes
Anesthesia cannot depend solely on athalamo-cortical switch
what about internally-generated mental states without sensory inputs?Stimulus-independent thought, e.g. meditation, daydreaming, mind wandering?