Download - Demand Supply test
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Willing and able to purchase a product at aparticular price
How many of you would like a camry [or likevehicle]?How many of you are able? How many of you are able?
Whats the difference between willing and able? Idea of time and place at this time, you may be
willing to buy a camry, but are not able, thereforeyou do not have a DEMAND for a Camry
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Demand schedule: A table that lists at variousprices, the number of items demanded.
Demand Curve: the graphic representation ofdemand.
Graphing a Demand Schedule:
1. The lower left quadrant is 0
2. The vertical axis is price
3. The horizontal axis is quantity
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As price falls, the quantity demanded increases. Asthe price rises, the quantity demanded decreases
P QD
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Qd = 100 10PQd = Permintaan beras (kg)P = harga beras/ kg (rb rph)
HargaHarga (P)(P) Kuantitas (Qd)Kuantitas (Qd)00224466
100100808060604040
P
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881010
202000
Q
D
8
4
20 60
QD = 100 10P
0 100
10
Skedul permintaan
Kurva permintaan
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Price per pound of Quantity of CoffeePrice per pound ofcoffee beans
Quantity of CoffeeBeans Demanded(billions of pounds)
$2.00 7.11.75 7.51.50 8.11.25 8.91.00 10
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Change in Quantity Demanded: Caused by change in own price of good Movement along the curve Movement along the curve
Change in Demand: Caused by Change in determinant of demand Shift to new demand curve
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P1. PenurunanTingkat harga
P1
Ceteris Paribus
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2.meningkatkan kuantitasbarang dan jasa yang dimintal
Q
D
Change in Quantity Demanded
P2
Q1 Q2
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Q
D
Change in Demand
P
Q1Q
D1
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Q
D
Change in Demand
P
Q2 Q
D2
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PD
P D1
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Q
D
Change in Demand - Caused by Change in determinant of demand : Income Prices of Related GoodsPreference/taste Consumer expectations Population
Q2 Q
D2
Q1
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Income Normal Good: a good for which demand
increases as consumer incomes rise (ex. milk) Inferior Good: A good for which demand Inferior Good: A good for which demand
decreases as consumer incomes rise (bus rides) As income rises consumers tend to switch from
consuming these inferior goods to consumingnormal goods (ex. steak, car/plane)
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Preference/Taste Likes and dislikes in consumption
Consumer Expectations Change in future price of goods Change in future price of goods Change in future income
Population Change As the number of consumers in a market changes
the demand will change
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Prices of Related Goods Substitutes: Goods that are related in such a way
that an increase in the price of one leads to anincrease in the demand for the other [goods thatcan be consumed in place of one another] (Pepsiincrease in the demand for the other [goods thatcan be consumed in place of one another] (Pepsiand Coke)
Compliments: Goods that are related in such a waythat an increase in the price of one leads to adecrease in the demand for the other [goods thatare normally consumed together] (coffee andsugar)
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2 Related Goods
2
Compliments Substitutes
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
6 7 8 9 10
Demand
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
6 7 8 9 10
Demand
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What Makes A Producer Provide theQuantity of Goods & Services?
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Supply indicates how much a goodproducers are willing and able to offer forsale per period at each possible price,sale per period at each possible price,other things constant.
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As a goods price increases(decreases), the quantity suppliers arewilling and able to supply increaseswilling and able to supply increases(decreases)
The quantity supplied is usuallydirectly related to its price P QS
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A Supply Schedule displays the quantity of aproduct supplied at each price
Price Bottles Supplied
2.00 11.62.00 11.6
1.75 11.5
1.50 11.2
1.25 10.7
1.00 10
.75 9.1
.50 8
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A Supply Curve shows a graphic representation of thequantities of a good supplied at various prices
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Qs = -40 + 20PxQs = Penawaran beras (rb kg)Px = harga beras/ kg (rb rph)
Harga (Px)Harga (Px) Kuantitas (Qs)Kuantitas (Qs)66554433
8080606040402020
P
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3322
202000
Q
6
4
20 60
Qs = - 40 + 20 Px
0 80
2
Skedul penawaran
Kurva penawaran40
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Change in a goods own price causeschange in quantity supplied
Movement along the supply curveMovement along the supply curve Change in supply caused by change in
determinant of supplyShifts supply curve
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P1. PenurunanTingkat harga
S
P1
Ceteris paribus
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2.menurunkan kuantitasbarang dan jasa yang ditawarkan.
Q
Tingkat harga
Kurva Penawaran: menyatakan unit barang atau jasa yang akan ditawarkanoleh produsen (Qs) pada berbagai tingkat harga pada suatu periode waktu.
P2
Q2 Q1
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PS S1S2
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Q
P
Q Q1Q2
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Technology If more efficient technology is discovered
production costs will fall So suppliers will be more willing and able to supply So suppliers will be more willing and able to supply
more of the good at each pricePrice of Relevant Resources Those resources employed in the production of a
good.
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Prices of Alternative Goods Price of good that use some of the same resources
as used to produce the good in question Producer Expectations Producer Expectations
Shift production according to future prices Number of Producers
# of Prod. Increases # of supply Government Restrictions
Taxes, quotas, licenses, etc.
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Demand & Supply at center of market Mutually beneficial for demander & suppliers
to come together and make exchangesto come together and make exchanges
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The costs of time and information required forexchange
Example: You are looking for a summer job. One way is togo from employer to employer looking for openings. Bothgo from employer to employer looking for openings. Bothtime consuming and could take extensive travel. A betterstrategy would be to pick up a couple of local newspapersand read through the help-wanted ads.
Adam Smiths Invisible Hand brings these forcestogether.
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At equilibrium there is no inherenttendency to change
Equilibrium
0
20
40
60
1 2 3 4 5
Quantity
Pric
e SupplySeries2
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When the Market Wont Compromise
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When the quantity supplied exceeds thequantity demanded
Surplus
60
0
20
40
60
1 2 3 4 5
Quantity
Pric
e SupplyDemand
Surplus
What is the amount of surplus at $40?
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When there is an excess of quantitydemanded compared to quantity supplied
Shortage
0
20
40
60
1 2 3 4 5
Quantity
Pric
e
Supply
Demand
Shortage
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Price tends toward Equilibrium
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EquilibriumEquilibrium
020406080
1 2 3 4 5
Quantity
Pric
e SupplyDemand
Demand Shift
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EqulibriumEqulibrium
020406080
1 2 3 4 5
Quantity
Pric
e SupplyDemand
Supply Shift
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Approach to Analyzing Changes1. Determine what changes: demand and/orsupplysupply2. What direction is change: increase/decrease3. Find new equilibrium price/quantity
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Concert Tickets
050
100150200
Pric
e SupplyD1
D2
What is the initial Price Equilibrium? What is the New Price Equilibrium? What factors (determinants) may have caused this
shift?
1 2 3 4 5
Quantity
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Subsidies to Public Universities
050
100150200
Pric
e S1Demand
S2
What is the initial Equilibrium Price/Quantity? What is the New Equilibrium Price/Quantity? Why would the Government get offer subsidies to
Universities?
1 2 3 4 5
Quantity
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When the Government Gets Involved
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A legal maximum that can be charged for a good Results in a Shortage Ex. cement, credit card interest rates, oil
ShortageShortage
0
20
40
60
1 2 3 4 5
Quantity
Pric
e SupplyDemand
Shortage
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A legal minimum that can be charged for a good. Results in a Surplus Ex. minimum wage, milk, sugar
Surplus
0102030405060
1 2 3 4 5
Pric
e
Quantity
Surplus
Supply
Demand
Surplus
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1. Kasus pasar mobil sedanPermintaan: Qd = 200 10PPenawaran: Qs = -40 + 5Pdimana: Qd, Qs = ribu unit per tahun.
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dimana: Qd, Qs = ribu unit per tahun.P = puluh juta rupiah per unit.
Ditanyakan : Keseimbangan pasar?
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Keseimbangan Pasar:Qd = Qs
200 10P = - 40 + 5P240 = 15P
P = 16P = 16Maka: Qd = 200 10*(16) = 40
Qs = - 40 + 5*(16) = 40Jadi keseimbangan terjadi pada saat harga mobil Rp160 juta per unit; serta jumlah permintaan samadengan penawaran yaitu 40 ribu unit.
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160
Qs = -40 + 5P
200
Harga(juta rph)
E
S
180
140
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80Qd = 200 10P
200400 Kuantitas mobil(ribu unit)
D
140
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2. Kasus pasar gabah.Permintaan: Qd = 2000 3PPenawaran: Qs = -500 + 2Pdimana: Qd, Qs = ribu ton per musim.
P = ribu rupiah per ton.
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P = ribu rupiah per ton.Ditanyakan :1. Keseimbangan pasar?2. Bila pemerintah berniat menambah jumlah gabah
dengan menetapkan harga dasar 600 ribu rupiah per ton,apa yang terjadi pada pasar gabah tersebut. Apa upayapemerintah untuk menangulangi hal tersebut?
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3. Kasus pasar tenaga kerja.Permintaan: Qd = 20000 0.6PPenawaran: Qs = -5000 + 0.4Pdimana: Qd, Qs = jiwa per bulan.
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dimana: Qd, Qs = jiwa per bulan.P = upah per hari.(rupiah)
Ditanyakan :1. Keseimbangan pasar?2. Bila pemerintah menetapkan upah minimum 30
ribu rupiah per hari, apa yang terjadi terhadapangkatan kerja (pengangguran)?