Download - Department of Criminal Justice California State University - Bakersfield CRJU 477 Terrorism
Department of Criminal JusticeDepartment of Criminal Justice
California State University - BakersfieldCalifornia State University - Bakersfield
CRJU 477CRJU 477
Terrorism Terrorism
Dr. Abu-Lughod, Reem AliDr. Abu-Lughod, Reem Ali
Terrorism:Terrorism:
First ImpressionsFirst Impressions
In search of definitionIn search of definition
Al Qaeda: IdeologyAl Qaeda: Ideology
1.1. Symbolizing global terrorism in the 21Symbolizing global terrorism in the 21stst century century
2.2. Osama bin Laden and Ayman Al ZawahiriOsama bin Laden and Ayman Al Zawahiri
3.3. The role of the media: Al JazeeraThe role of the media: Al Jazeera
4.4. Ideologies: clash of civilizationsIdeologies: clash of civilizations
5.5. Holy war as religious duty to defend the Muslim Holy war as religious duty to defend the Muslim nationnation
6.6. Violence and enemies of the WestViolence and enemies of the West
TERRORISM Destruction and assassinations The impact of Terrorism: media and democratization of
Terrorism Globalization of T: challenge to norm and status quo
September 11th, 2001 Turning point Political violence and mass destruction
The Rise of Terrorist Attacks History of T in human civilization Rationalizations of T behavior Rational choice theory
Extremism vs. TerrorismExtremism vs. Terrorism
Extremism: Extremism: radical and intolerantradical and intolerant Justification of behaviorJustification of behavior One’s beliefs and expression of these beliefsOne’s beliefs and expression of these beliefs HowHow one acts upon his/her beliefs one acts upon his/her beliefs
Terrorism: defined?Terrorism: defined? Politically motivatedPolitically motivated Against “soft targets”Against “soft targets” Terrorizing audience Terrorizing audience Is it a crime?Is it a crime? Controversy of definitionControversy of definition
Sources of Terrorism and the interdisciplinary / multidisciplinary approach
Sociology, psychology, political science, etc…
Friedland’s framework1st: group phenomenonClear identity: nationalReligious ideology
2nd: political terrorism has its roots in intergroup conflict
3rd: “insurgent” terrorism not “state” terrorism is strategy of the weak
Ideologies
Systems of belief
Derivations from theories
Disagreements and the role of American government in regulating people’s lives
E.g. degrees of freedom and government intervention
The Morality of Terrorism/or is it ImmoralityThe Morality of Terrorism/or is it Immorality
Mala prohibitaMala prohibita acts made illegal by legislation. Society acts made illegal by legislation. Society declared these acts as wrong declared these acts as wrong
E.g. laws prohibiting prostitutionE.g. laws prohibiting prostitution
Mala in seMala in se acts that are “immoral or wrong in acts that are “immoral or wrong in themselves”themselves”
Cannot be justified Cannot be justified E.g. forcible rape and premeditated murder will never E.g. forcible rape and premeditated murder will never
be legalizedbe legalized
So how is Terrorism defined? Is it worth it for some? Is it relative?
“where you stand depends on where you sit”
FOUR QUOTATIONS:
1. One person’s terrorist is another person’s freedom fighter
2. One man willing to throw away his life is enough to terrorize a thousand
Written by Chinese military philosopher Wu Ch’i “kill one man terrorize 1000” attributed to leader of Chinese
Revolution Mao Zedong and “military philosopher Sun Tzu Note: Sun Tzu’s The Art of War
3. Extremism in defense of liberty is no vice…
Senator Barry Goldwater of Arizona
4. It became necessary to destroy the town to save it
Attributed to a statement made by an American officer during the war in Vietnam: symbolic logic
FOCUS ON 3 CASES:FOCUS ON 3 CASES:
1)1) Richard Baumhammers: Pittsburg, Penn April 2000Richard Baumhammers: Pittsburg, Penn April 2000 Racist immigration attorneyRacist immigration attorney Neo Nazi views/ideologiesNeo Nazi views/ideologies Victims: Jewish woman, 2 Indian men, 2 Asian men, 1 Victims: Jewish woman, 2 Indian men, 2 Asian men, 1
African American manAfrican American man Minimal criminal sophistication “lone wolf”Minimal criminal sophistication “lone wolf”
2) Theodore “Ted” Kaczynski 1978 UNABOMBER 2) Theodore “Ted” Kaczynski 1978 UNABOMBER UNABOMUNABOM Medium criminal sophisticationMedium criminal sophistication
3) Ramzi Yousef 19933) Ramzi Yousef 1993 High degreeHigh degree
Symbolization of TSymbolization of T Oklahoma City Bombing 1995Oklahoma City Bombing 1995
1.1. Timothy McVeighTimothy McVeigh
2.2. Children killed: collateral damageChildren killed: collateral damage
September 11September 11thth 2001 2001
1.1. The aftermathThe aftermath
2.2. Patriot Act October 2001Patriot Act October 2001
3.3. Dept. Homeland SecurityDept. Homeland Security
CONCLUSION
The importance of history in examining modern human behavior and T
Manifestation of extremist beliefs The importance of ideology The controversy of mala prohibita vs. mala
in se Rationality of criminal behavior