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Department of Defense Alternative Fuels Policy, Initiatives, and Opportunities
Isaac Emery, Ph.D.
Dec. 5, 2017
Las Vegas, NV
ISCC Regional Stakeholder Committee North America
DISCLAIMER: The views expressed are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Defense or the U.S. Government
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Key points
• DoD alt fuel policy is driven by broad strategic goals, split between installation and operational “markets”
• Installation vehicles: 2% of fuel energy, primarily gasoline, with initiatives guided by petroleum and GHG reduction goals
• Operations: 98% of fuel energy, primarily jet fuel, with initiatives guided by substitutability and feedstock diversification
• Current programs include support for biofuel production facility construction and drop-in biofuel subsidies
• Plus alternative fuel and vehicle initiatives at individual domestic installations
• Ongoing work links jet fuel climate change human health
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Gasoline Dominates Installation Purchases
E85
EV
CNG
B20
Diesel
Gasoline0
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Jet Fuel Dominates Operations Purchases
Gasoline
JP8, JPTS
JP5
JP4, JAB,JAA, JA1Distillates& Diesel
Federal Fleet Open Data Sets https://www.gsa.gov/policy-regulations/policy/vehicle-management-policy/vehicle-management-libraryDefense Logistics Agency FY 2015 Energy Fact Book www.energy.dla.mil 3
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Gasoline Dominates Installation Purchases
E85
EV
CNG
B20
Diesel
Gasoline
Federal Fleet Open Data Sets https://www.gsa.gov/policy-regulations/policy/vehicle-management-policy/vehicle-management-libraryDOD 2017. Department of Defense Annual Energy Management and Resilience (AEMR) Report Fiscal Year 2016.
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Example Fleet:Wright-Patterson Air Force Base
Fuel Vehicles L (or kWh)
Gasoline (E10) 10839,000
Hybrid EVs (E10) 4
Ethanol (E85) 247 60,000
Diesel 37 75,000
Biodiesel (B20) 118 130,000
Electric Vehicles 26 130,000
Data from FY2014Emery, I, E Mbonimpa and AE Thal. Climate-based policies may increase life-cycle social costs of vehicle fleet operation. Energy Policy 101: 1-9, 2017
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Fuels Policy: Installations
FY 2017: 4% reduction in GHG emissions per mile
FY 2010 – 2015: 30% reduction in petroleum use• Navy: 25%• Marine Corps: 45%• Air Force: 16%• Army: 41%
Strategies:• Fleet downsizing• Electric vehicles• Flex-fuel vehicles (E85 capable)• Biodiesel blends (B20)
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Fuels Policy: Installations
FY 2017: 4% reduction in GHG emissions per mile
“A major factor driving performance on the new metric is the extent to which a Component’s fleet
has been electrified.”
DOD FY 2016 SSPP
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Fuels Policy: Operational Energy
“Alternative fuel investments will be targeted to ensure forces are able to
carry out operations using alternative sources of fuel that improve the
reliability of our overall fuel supply.
Alternative fuels can be a means to ensure combat effectiveness, logistical
flexibility and to mitigate Anti-Access/Area Denial (A2AD) effects.”
DOD Alternative Fuels Policy for Operational Platforms
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FY2016
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Jet Fuel Dominates Operations Purchases
Gasoline
JP8, JPTS
JP5
JP4, JAB,JAA, JA1Distillates& Diesel
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Fuels Policy: Operational Energy
USAF Energy Strategic Goals:
3.1: Increase use of cost-competitivedrop-in alternative aviation fuel blends
for non-contingency operations by FY2025
3.3: Increase use of alternative fuels in ground vehicles and equipment by
FY2020
USAF Energy Flight Plan 2017 –20360
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FY2016
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Jet Fuel Dominates Operations Purchases
Gasoline
JP8, JPTS
JP5
JP4, JAB,JAA, JA1Distillates& Diesel
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Fuels Policy: Operational Energy
2007 – 2014:
8 million L alternative fuel (JP8, JP5, naval distillate) purchased for
combined $58.6 million
Bulk alternative fuel purchases “will compete with petroleum products…
to meet requirements at the best value to the government, including
cost.”DOD Alternative Fuels Policy for Operational
Platforms, 2012
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FY2016
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Jet Fuel Dominates Operations Purchases
Gasoline
JP8, JPTS
JP5
JP4, JAB,JAA, JA1Distillates& Diesel
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Drop-in Fuels Development
• DOD-DOE-USDA Biofuels Partnership ($510M):
“to assist the development and support of a sustainable commercial biofuels industry.”
• Supply side: Support production capacity via Defense Production Act Title III biofuels program (DOD & DOE)
• Demand side: Support purchase of biofuels by Navy via “Farm-to-Fleet” program (USDA)
https://www.energy.gov/eere/bioenergy/downloads/memorandum-understanding-between-department-navy-and-department-energy-and
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Supply side: Support production capacity
• DPA Title III – Advance Drop-in Biofuel Production Project (ADBPP):
Funding “…to support the design, construction, validation, qualification, and operation of domestic
commercial-scale facilities capable of producing at least 10 million gallons per year neat biofuel” (drop-in jet
and/or diesel).
• Design phase (2013-2015)
• Construction phase(2015-2017)• 3 awards, $210M USG funds• >50% private cost share
https://www.energy.gov/eere/bioenergy/downloads/memorandum-understanding-between-department-navy-and-department-energy-and
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Demand Side: Alternative Fuel Procurement
• Farm-to-Feet Program (Navy-USDA Partnership)• USDA Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) funds for
purchase of F-76, JP-5
• up to $0.25/gallon of blended fuels containing 10% –50% biofuel
• Previous success:• Great Green Fleet initiative during Rim of the Pacific
Exercise June-Aug 2016 used 77.6 million gallons F-76 containing 10% biofuel from HEFA-processed beef tallow (hydro processed esters and fatty acids)
Notice of Funds Availability (NOFA); Farm-to-Fleet Feedstock Program Biofuel Production Incentive (BPI), Federal Register 81(250) 95956-8, Dec 29 2016
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Qualifying drop-in technologies
• Based on ASTM International approved pathways for commercial aviation fuel (F-T, HEFA, SIP)
• Fuel blends for DOD Operations must also be tested to match all existing military specifications • High altitude / low temperature• Ballistic tolerant materials• Non-aviation applications (e.g., JP-8 in ground vehicles)
• F-T & HEFA drop-in fuels tested & approved for:• Navy aviation and ship platforms• Air Force aviation assets• Army ground vehicles
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SummaryInstallation Operational
Market 0.3 billion L;
Gasoline substitution;
US Domestic
14 billion L;
Jet fuel substitution;
Global
Opportunities Fleet diversification;
Installation financial flexibility
Certified conversion pathways;
Commercial airline connections;
Producer loans
Guidance Per-mile GHG reductions Performance requirements
Challenges Competition with EVs;
Fuel availability at volume
Cost competitive;
Fuel availability at volume;
Performance certification
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Ongoing Research:CO2 Harms Human Health
Fuel Production & Supply
Fuel Combustion
CO2 NOX
Radiative Forcing
Climate Change Human HealthTropical Disease
Extreme Heat
Flooding
Malnutrition
6 to 34 million L per life; 1 to 5 minutes of life per L
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VSL: $0.10 to $3 per L
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Resources• DoD Strategic Sustainability Performance Plans:
http://www.denix.osd.mil/sustainability/dod-sspp/
• DLA Energy Publications: http://www.dla.mil/Energy/About/Library/Publications.aspx
• GSA Federal Fleet Reports: https://www.gsa.gov/policy-regulations/policy/vehicle-management-policy/vehicle-management-library
• GAO report: Observations on DOD’s Investments in Alternative Fuels: https://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-15-674
• DOD Alternative Fuels Policy for Operational Platforms: https://www.acq.osd.mil/EIE/Downloads/OE/Alternative_Fuels_Policy_for_Operational_Platforms%2020120705.pdf
• USDA/US Navy Biofuel Incentive Program: https://www.fsa.usda.gov/programs-and-services/energy-programs/farm-to-fleet/index
• USAF Strategic Master Plan:
• USAF Energy Flight Plan 2017 – 2036: http://www.safie.hq.af.mil/Portals/78/AFEnergyFlightPlan2017.pdf?ver=2017-01-13-133958-503
• Social cost analysis of a USAF installation vehicle fleet: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421516306139
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Comments & Questions
Former:
Postdoctoral Associate
Systems Engineering & Management
Air Force Institute of Technology
Wright-Patterson AFB, OH
www.afit.edu
Mentor:
Eric Mbonimpa, Ph.D.
Current:
Environmental Scientist
The Good Food Institute
www.gfi.org
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